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quinta-feira, 30 de janeiro de 2014

BIOMASSA E REFORMA AGRÁRIA



A BIOMASSA É NOSSA !




Refinarias flex podem ajudar biocombustíveis !

Agência Fapesp - 13/01/2014

A utilização do parque de refino brasileiro para processar simultaneamente matérias-primas de origem fóssil e biomassa - transformando as unidades em "refinarias flex" - poderia promover uma transição suave para uma economia de baixo carbono e, ao mesmo tempo, ajudar a suprir a demanda energética crescente do Brasil.
A proposta foi defendida pela professora Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, que coordena, o Laboratório de Hidrorrefino, Engenharia de Processos e Termodinâmica Aplicada (H2CIN) da UFRJ ao lado de seu colega José Luiz de Medeiros.
Para a pesquisadora, o conceito da "refinaria flex" está sendo introduzido com simulação das etapas híbridas, como o processo de gaseificação de biomassa.
"O petróleo é um líquido com milhões de moléculas diferentes que são fracionadas e convertidas em refinarias para dar origem à gasolina, ao diesel e uma série de outro derivados. Nada se joga fora em uma refinaria, pois foram desenvolvidos processos para tratar até mesmo os resíduos mais pesados e recalcitrantes ('fundo de barril'). Portanto, lá também há condições de tratar outra matéria-prima não convencional, que é a biomassa", avaliou Ofélia.
Os resíduos da agroindústria seriam a matéria-prima ideal para abastecer as refinarias híbridas, na avaliação de Ofélia, por serem abundantes no país e não competirem com a produção de alimentos.
Gás de síntese
Por meio de um processo químico conhecido como gaseificação, seria possível transformar esse material em "gás de síntese" - uma mistura de gases empregada em diversas reações de síntese de produtos da indústria química.
Essa mistura é composta principalmente de hidrogênio e monóxido de carbono e pode ser queimada diretamente para gerar energia e vapor (cogeração) ou servir de matéria-prima para obtenção de metanol, ureia, amônia (fertilizante) e olefinas (usadas na fabricação de alguns tipos de plástico e borracha sintética).
"Com auxílio de catalisadores e condições ideais de pressão e temperatura dentro de um reator, é possível transformar o gás de síntese em diversos produtos químicos de interesse econômico. Por meio de um processo conhecido como Fischer-Tropsch, é possível obter até mesmo diesel e gasolina. Transforma-se em ouro o que era resíduo", afirmou Ofélia.
O equipamento necessário para fazer o processamento da biomassa - o gaseificador - já existe em algumas refinarias de petróleo no mundo e é considerado hoje uma tecnologia madura. Segundo Ofélia, há cerca de 20 anos, seu uso ainda estava restrito ao âmbito de pesquisa, mas existem atualmente experiências em escala industrial.
Mais caro do que o pré-sal
Embora a exploração do petróleo e do gás natural do pré-sal envolva diversos desafios - como o alto custo de extração a mais de 5 mil metros de profundidade e de transporte até o continente -, trabalhar com biomassa ainda é mais caro no momento.
"O gás natural do pré-sal tem alto teor de CO2 - no caso do poço de Júpiter, chega a 80%, segundo dados da Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP). É uma impureza que precisa ser processada. A Petrobras não considera emitir esse CO2, mas tudo isso encarece o processo. Portanto, esse gás natural não vai ter o mesmo custo do gás vendido nos Estados Unidos", avaliou Ofélia.
Nesse cenário já não muito animador, acrescentou a pesquisadora, surge um novo competidor que tende a ser um rival ainda mais forte para a biomassa: o gás de xisto - um tipo de gás natural extraído de formações rochosas que já começa a ser explorado no país.
A extração do gás de xisto requer o fraturamento de rochas por meio da injeção de grandes quantidades de água, areia e produtos químicos no subsolo - o que levanta grandes questionamentos sobre seus impactos ambientais. "É um novo competidor que vem com o preço lá em baixo. Não é ambientalmente sustentável e não terá selo verde. Mas a sociedade vai deixar de comprar? Eu acho que não", ponderou.
Embora reconheça haver uma relação direta entre desenvolvimento econômico, aumento do consumo de energia e das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2), Ofélia diz ser necessário buscar "tecnologias ponte" que permitam ganhar tempo para que a pesquisa científica consiga mudar os paradigmas produtivos e o país possa, de fato, adotar uma economia verde sem deixar de gerar riquezas.
"Não queremos uma economia fria, mas também não queremos aquecer ainda mais o planeta. Precisamos, portanto, encontrar rotas de fuga enquanto as novas estradas são construídas", afirmou.
COMENTÁRIO DO PROFESSOR OCTAVIO GOUVEIA:
Genial sob todos os aspectos a proposta da Professora Queiroz ! 
Esta opção pela produção de energia poderá dar ao Brasil a independência financeira que tanto almeja. 

É fundamental no entanto, que o enriquecimento seja dividido ou melhor, multiplicado a todos os trabalhadores do campo.

A riquesa da terra não pode continuar na mão dos latifundiários. O Brasil tem que acordar !

Neste rumo, destaca-se a urgência em se fazer a REFORMA que fará o Brasil nunca mais precisar de UPPs nem da ajuda do Sérgio Cabral !

O verdadeiro fim da VIOLÊNCIA URBANA se dará quando os miseráveis favelados das grandes cidades, tiverem um pedaço de terra para plantar. Com subsídios do governo, num mega-projeto de produção de alimentos e energia que fará do Brasil a grande nação deste século.

Uma nação que tenha paz social e dessa forma possa brindar ao mundo fartura de alimentos e de energia. 

Ficará a pergunta:  Pra que guerra ? Pq invadir o Iraque e o Afeganistão ? Pq intervir na Líbia e na Síria ?

Chega de EUA e Inglaterra donos dos combustíveis fósseis e da poluição por CO2.

Biomassa Já ! com REFORMA AGRÁRIA AGORA ! 

HONRAS SEJAM FEITAS AO FALECIDO (PROVAVELMENTE ASSASSINADO EX-PRESIDENTE JOÃO BELCHIOR MARQUES GOULART / JANGO, que foi chamado de comunista pq ia dividir o latifúndio brasileiro com os trabalhadores rurais. Se ele não tivesse sido deposto as UPPs e o atual governador do RJ não existiriam !  O Brasil seria próspero ! Econômico e socialmente !
Ainda há tempo !

Neste sentido destaco a reportagem a seguir, que possui total relação com a anterior :

BIOMASSA JÁ ! 

COM REFORMA 

AGRÁRIA TAMBÉM !

PAÍS RICO É AQUELE QUE DIVIDE A TERRA COM SEUS CIDADÃOS ! 


Reformas agrária e urbana, já!

DIÁRIO DA MANHÃ
PEDRO WILSON GUIMARÃES
A luta por reformas políticas, previdenciárias, penitenciárias, educativas, sanitárias e agrárias estão sempre na ordem do dia. Desde as reformas de base propostas por Jango Goulart (cada vez mais relembrado pelas coisas boas que estava fazendo) como por exemplo a reforma agrária atendendo apelos dos movimentos camponeses contags/federações, sindicatos de trabalhadores e pequenos proprietários rurais. E da igreja, MEB de João XXIII e Vaticano II, agora retomado por Papa Francisco. E de partidos de centro esquerda e esquerda, legais e clandestinos, últimas horas, brasil Urgente, centrais, isebs, UNE, Ubes, frentes parlamentares? Uma das bandeiras da anistia, constituinte e diretas já, era reforma agrária. E que foi contemplada na constituição cidadã de Ulysses e de todos nós na luta contínua contra o latifúndio nordestino dos setes palmos de vida e morte de severinas; sertanejos e das terras planaltinas, mineiras, baianas, matogrossenses. E goianas das letras e poesias dos bernardos elis, carmos bernardes e das cora coralinas dos séculos XIX, XX e agora XXI. Luta por democracia política, econômica, cultural e social e sempre ambiental. Luta pela terra dividida, assentada, conservada, produtiva para saciar a fome e a sede do povo trabalhador das cidades e campos gerais. O povo vive é nas cidades/municípios. E nos estados e união que devem fortalecer as políticas públicas rurais e urbanas municipais cada vez mais universalizadas e participativas, contínuas. E progressivas, para o viver, bem viver e melhor convivência do povo de Deus. Memória, história, verdade, justiça e paz para todos os homens, mulheres, famílias e comunidades onde devem ter mais bosques e mais vidas dignas de serem vividas hoje e amanhã.
Reforma agrária ontem, hoje e amanhã. E de dezembro para janeiro, agora em 2014 a presidente Dilma Rousseff dá impulso na reforma agrária transformando em Goiás e no Brasil cem propriedades, cem latifúndios improdutivos para aproximadamente quatro mil novas propriedades para famílias camponesas sem terras. E assim poder cultivá-las e torná-las cada vez mais produtivas e colocando 70% de alimentos nas mesas dos brasileiros de norte a sul. Família e mais famílias nas terras, águas, sementes, cultivares, escolas, postos de saúde, futebol, folias, músicas de todas as botinas rancheiras, mateiras das vilas boas, curralinhos, xixás, leopoldinas, goiabeiras, uruanas, fainas,  brancas, canastras, colônias de rios vermelhos, ferreiras, urus, verdes, santanas, bugres, canastras, bacalhaus, bagagens. E araguaias das serras gerais e sempre douradas de pedras goianas desaparecidas sob olhares de gente boa gente das aldeias imemoriais, quilombolas calungueiros. E de migrantes hoje nativos do outro lado do mundo velho. Precisamos de mais terras e águas para a continuidade da reforma agrária na marra da lei por mais e melhores vidas humanas com novos assentamentos.   E em Confresa temos proporcionalmente a maior quantidade de parcelas de assentamentos rurais do Brasil. São mais ou menos 6 mil parcelas. Abrange 87% da área do município do prefeito Gaspar. É preciso novas áreas e regularizar, emancipar, titular estes assentamentos para o desenvolvimento sustentável contínuo do Brasil.
De outubro a dezembro de 2013 a presidenta Dilma decretou quase cem desapropriações de terras no Brasil para a continuidade da reforma agrária fortalecer o plano nacional de agroecologia e produção orgânica, sendo dez fazendas improdutivas em Goiás. Centenas de famílias terão a chance agora de terem terra, água, assistência técnica para plantar, matar  a sede e a fome e ajudar o Brasil a produzir mais e melhores  alimentos para famílias brasileiras das cidades e das agriculturas familiares, de Flores, Planaltina, Faina, Portelândia e Goiás/Vila Boa campeã de assentamentos rurais nos cerrados goianos das  serras douradas da prefeita Selma Bastos e de todos nós com ajuda do D. Tomas Balduino bispo emérito da terra de Deus, sempre.
Agora recentemente o Conama aprovou uma resolução maior participação do Incra na obtenção dos laudos georeferenciadores das parcelas dos assentamentos para milhões de acessos desejados e assistência técnica e financeira/pronafs/FCO/BB (melhor ainda com a criação recente da agência nacional de extensão rural) para ajudar todos agricultores, mas principalmente os pequenos proprietários vindos de heranças familiares e dos assentamentos rurais. Precisamos regularizar as terras quilombolas e indígenas datadas e requeridas. Precisamos dar mais pesado na direção da emancipação, regularização, titulação das parcelas de terras vendidas, doadas, compradas, comodatadas, arrendadas, distribuídas para mais produção, produtividade, alimentação, comercialização, exportação, armazenamento e segurança alimentar ampla e geral. 
A terra no entanto move. O Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário/Incra está selecionando, credenciando grupos, profissionais, escritórios para realizar a tão sonhada legalização fundiária. Há esperanças mas é preciso ser S. Tomé e bater na madeira três vezes. Está também em marcha uma proposta, projeto da Amna – Associação de Municípios do Norte do Mato Grosso no sentido de titulação de terras de assentamentos. Muitos prefeitos e lideranças sociais e políticas como Gaspar, Bau, Elias, Gilmar, Valdir, Baiano, Saguas, Eliene, Fagundes (e muito mais prefeitos, vereadores), assessorias de advogados e técnicos no presente estão estudando para essa empreitada geral rural brasileiro com mais de 40 mil lotes porque nesta região tem o maior assentamento rural brasileiro com mais de quatro mil parcelas. Audiências na SAF da SRI, Casa Civil, secretaria geral da Presidência estão avaliando e indicando caminhadas nestes rumos de 2014. Será uma segunda revolução na caminhada histórica da reforma agrária. Gente boa gente citada e mais olavos, delcimars, gilbertos, gleisis, idelis, olmos, paulas, guedes, pepes, milãos, marias, cândidos, otomiels, robertos, lacerdas, sebastiões, antônios, marcelos, augustos, lucas, marias, paulos, henriques, gandhis. Todos estão avançando nos estudos, pesquisas legais, técnicas, públicas para darmos um salto extraordinário nas melhorias requeridas pelos lutadores e participantes da construção da reforma agrária iniciada por muitos e avançada e muito por Lula e Dilma por um Brasil sem fome e sem miséria. Falar de reforma agrária e falar urgência por democratização e acesso para todos filhos de Deus. Terra rural e urbana a serviço da vida, sempre. E preciso crer duas vezes na esperança e na felicidade. Virá um dia que todos trabalharão e viverão livres, iguais, diferentes, dignos por justiça e paz. E por Deus do amor e da cidadania e da solidariedade. Todo dia é dia da reforma agrária, já. Os justos e necessitados herdarão as terras, águas, cidades nas caminhadas peregrinas rurais e urbanas, dará vida digna. Oxalá.
E agora algumas perguntas que deverão ser respondidas por todos partidos, governos e movimentos políticos estaduais e nacionais. O que pensam os partidos sobre reforma agrária e política? O que a presidente Rousseff, Campos, Marina, Requião, Neves pensam da reforma agrária? Que planos, propostas e projetos tem os partidos de Goiás e do Brasil sobre reforma agrária? O que igrejas, mídias, mst, contags, cnas, fetaegs, faegs, cut, universidades, comunidades de base, parlamentos pensam e/ou apóiam as lutas pela reforma agrária? E reforma política em Goiás e no Brasil? A hora é agora. E o que foi feito das vendas escondidas de terras devolutas goianas em 1960/70/80? Não pode ser. Não será? Não pode ser negada a importância da união das forças políticas, sociais, culturais, ambientais e econômicas progressistas nas lutas pela reforma agrária continuada, assistida, produtiva, democrática e livre, pacífica e urgente. Vamos, pois, homens e mulheres pelo Brasil país de todos.
(Pedro Wilson Guimarães, presidente da Agência Municipal do Meio Ambiente de Goiânia/2013 – Amma, presidente da Associação Nacional dos Órgãos Municipais de Meio Ambiente - Anamma 2013/2015, secretário do Ministério do Meio Ambiente2012/2013, prefeito e Vereador de Goiânia, deputado Federal de 1993-2011 PT/GO, professor da UFG e da PUC-Goiás.  Militante dos Movimentos de Direitos Humanos, Fé e Política, Educação, Cerrados - E-mail: pedrowilsonguimaraes@yahoo.com.br)

ROLEZINHOS NOS LATIFÚNDIOS JÁ ! 


 UPPs NUNCA MAIS !


A BIOMASSA É NOSSA !
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segunda-feira, 20 de janeiro de 2014

passe para a PETROBRAS em 2014



ATUALIZADO  em   02 / 02 / 2014
CURSO PREPARATÓRIO p/ PETROBRAS 
 C   u   r   s   o          C    P    O    G 

Inscrições: n o v a s   t u r m a s   em   2 0 1 4 
em 08 de Fevereiro (sábado 10h) na Rua Mariz e Barros, 420. Curso Miguel Couto.
a partir das 10h no endereço acima.

ex-alunos do Curso CPOG: Ver promoção logo abaixo !
válida por prazo limitado !

  EXTENSIVO  PARA  PETROBRAS
                                                  (AULAS AOS SÁBADOS a TARDE) 13h às 18h

inscrição de novos alunos em  08 de fevereiro de 2014 !
procurar Profas. Lúcia ou Suely no Colégio Miguel Couto.
Rua Mariz e Barros, 420. Tijuca.  Inscrições no mesmo local das aulas !
nossas aulas são regularmente nas tardes de sábado. Eventualmente poderão ocorrer aos domingos.

turmas com vagas p/ 2014 início em 08/02/14 :

TÉCNICO QUÍMICO  JR    /    OPERADOR (TEC. OPERAÇÃO JR)
TÉCNICO  SEGURANÇA  TRABALHO   /   TEC. MANUTENÇÃO  MECÂNICA JR.
TÉCNICO AMBIENTAL JR

TEC. INSPEÇÃO de EQUIPAMENTOS    /    TEC. INSTRUMENTAÇÃO 
TEC. ELETRÔNICA   /   TEC. MANUTENÇÃO ELÉTRICA JR 
TEC. ADMINISTRAÇÃO e CONTROLE JR   /   TEC. AMBIENTAL JR.
TEC. PERFURAÇÃO e POÇOS    /    TEC. TELECOMUNICAÇÕES

INSCRIÇÕES NO MESMO LOCAL DAS AULAS (SÁBADOS a partir das 10 h )
LOCAL DAS AULAS e da INSCRIÇÃO: 08/02/14
Rua Mariz e Barros, 420. Colégio Miguel Couto.
Inscrições com Profas. Suely ou Lúcia a partir das 10h no endereço acima.
(mesmo local da aula)

Curso EXTENSIVO em 20 semanas, preferencialmente aos sábados a tarde.


======================================
TODO O MATERIAL DIDÁTICO  
ESTA INCLUÍDO NOS VALORES ABAIXO !
======================================

P    R    E    Ç    O    S   :  

Incluem-se nestes preços todo o material fornecido durante o curso e uma carga horária mínima
de 100 horas.
Válido p/ os alunos dos cursos EXTENSIVOS (20 semanas)  p/ todos os cargos de nível TÉCNICO:

1) p a r c e l a do       n o      c h e q u e     

6 x R$ 250    ou   3 x  R$ 470     ou    2 x  R$ 590  

ou  R$ 1080 à vista em cheque

2)  parcelado no cartão      10 x R$ 160

3) promoção à vista :    R$ 980 em dinheiro

OBSERVAÇÃO: NÍVEL SUPERIOR:  Para os cargos de nível superior os preços serão definidos em função do número de interessados para cada cargo.

DOCUMENTOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A INSCRIÇÃO:

IDENTIDADE / CPF / COMPROVANTE DE RESIDÊNCIA / 1 FOTO RECENTE 

DESCONTOS:  de 50 % para alunos cursando nível médio nas seguintes escolas técnicas:
IFRJ / FAETEC / FLAMA / GRAHAM BELL / BEZERRA DE ARAÚJO / COLÉGIO MERCÚRIO / ELECTRA
levar comprovante da escola de que esta matriculado e cursando  nível médio

=========================================
O CURSO CPOG  OFERECE AOS SEUS ALUNOS
= Coordenadores e docentes dos quadros da PETROBRAS, aprovados diversas vezes em vários concursos públicos. Atualmente trabalhando em grandes empresas e lecionando nas melhores instituições de ensino. 
Quer passar na PETROBRAS ? Estude conosco ! 
Mais de 20 anos aprovando na PETROBRAS !

= Resolução de provas dos concursos anteriores.

= Aulas aos sábados / curso em seis meses.

= Surgindo EDITAL do concurso, teremos aulas aos sábados e domingos
  até a data da prova, sem cobrança extra para os nossos alunos que estiverem com a matrícula ativa (dentro da validade de 20 semanas) na data de publicação do edital.

= Apostilas incluídas na mensalidade (CUIDADO COM TRUQUES). 
Não cobramos nenhuma taxa extra de material, nem  taxa de matrícula.

=========================================



=========================================
ATENÇÃO EX-ALUNOS do Curso CPOG
VÁLIDA até 08 de Fevereiro de 2014
promoção de RENOVAÇÃO  2014 

no cartão de crédito:    10 x R$ 68,50
à vista em dinheiro:      R$ 490,00
 ======================================================================
procurar Profas. Lúcia ou Suely a partir das 10h  do dia 08/02/2014 no Colégio Miguel Couto.
Rua Mariz e Barros, 420. Tijuca.  Inscrições no mesmo local das aulas !
 ======================================================================
NOTÍCIAS SOBRE O PRÓXIMO Concurso da Petrobras em 2014 !

Benefícios Concurso Petrobras 2014

       A Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. é a sétima maior empresa de energia do mundo
e a maior do Brasil, esses são um dos fatores de total interesse de trabalhar
na Petrobras além da segurança, respeito e visão de trabalho da empresa.
Como foi citado anteriormente, a única maneira de entrar na Petrobras é
através de concurso público.
 Em 2014 ocorrerá mais um certame. Os benefícios concurso Petrobras 2014
são diversos, a saber: salário-base, participação nos lucros, previdência complementar,
benefícios educacionais para filhos de empregados (da creche ao ensino médio),
plano de saúde médico, auxílio-alimentação e vale-transporte. Se você tem
interesse não perca tempo e comece a estudar já.

Remuneração Concurso Petrobras 2014

O maior interesse em passar neste concurso, sem dúvidas é o
altíssimo salário que varia de acordo com os cargos oferecidos e os níveis
de escolaridade. As remunerações que são repassadas ao empregado da
Petrobras são totalmente equivalentes com as atividades que são
desempenhadas pelos profissionais da Petrobras. As vagas mais procuradas
 na Petrobras são para engenheiro, geólogo, advogado, médico, administrador,
 psicólogo e contador.
A remuneração do concurso Petrobras 2014 para nível médio varia
 entre R$ 1.500,00 e R$ 5.000,00 e para nível superior entre
R$ 5.000,01 e R$ 10.000,01.  Além da remuneração salarial a Petrobras
 oferece o benefício do auxílio-doença, que garante total remuneração
 do empregado ausente por causa de algum devido acidente de trabalho,
 no período dos quatros primeiros anos de afastamento, ou no
caso de doença ocupacional decorrente nos três primeiros anos.

leia reportagem completa (clique aqui)



Saiba como já começar a se preparar 




para concursos que ainda vão sair


Edital da Caixa sairá em 2014; Petrobras também deve lançar concurso. 
Lia Salgado dá dicas de como já iniciar os estudos para sair na frente.





ntáriosCaixa Econômica Federal e Petrobras. Os editais destes processos seletivos ainda não foram lançados. Lia dá dicas de estudos para quem está de olho na abertura  destes concursos e como se definir por uma área específica. 

C O N C U R S O   DA   PETROBRAS  em  2014
   No Concurso da Petrobras em 2014  pode-se imaginar que não será nada fácil, nem para nível médio e nem para nível superior, esse prova é a mais concorrida que você pode imaginar, por ano são milhares de pessoas que se inscrevem, mas infelizmente somente as melhores pontuações é que são chamadas, mas se você também é um concursseiro  certamente você sabe que o primeiro passo é você estudar, depois focar em um concurso, porque somente assim para que você possa ter bons resultados também.
   A Petrobras é a sétima maior empresa de energia do mundo e a maior do Brasil, esses são um dos fatores de total interesse de trabalhar na Petrobras além da segurança, respeito e visão de trabalho da empresa. Como foi citado anteriormente, a única maneira de entrar na Petrobras é através de concurso público e em 2014 ocorrerá mais um certame. Os benefícios concurso Petrobras 2014 são imensos: salário-base, participação nos lucros, previdência complementar, benefícios educacionais para filhos de empregados (da creche ao ensino médio), plano de saúde médico, auxílio-alimentação e vale-transporte. Se você tem interesse não perca tempo e faça sua inscrição no pré-concurso CPOG. 

O concurso Petrobras 2014 será realizado pela organizadora Cesgranrio Concursos e a previsão é de mais de 1500 vagas para candidatos com ensino médio e ensino superior completo. No edital do concurso Petrobras 2014 você pode conferir os requisitos e as informações mais importantes do certame. Já as inscrições do concurso Petrobras 2014 serão realizadas pela internet diretamente no site da Cesgranrio, onde deverá será cobrada uma taxa de inscrição no valor de R$ 35,00 para os candidatos com ensino médio e R$ 70,00 para os candidatos com ensino superior.A prova do concurso Petrobras 2014 possui um nível de dificuldade muito alto. O assunto apresentado na prova é divulgado no edital para que o candidato se prepare antecipadamente e atinja uma alta pontuação. O gabarito oficial do concurso Petrobras 2014 será divulgado horas depois no site da organizadora do concurso, já o resultado deve ser disponibilizado três meses após realizações das provas.
C U R S O      C P O G
exemplo de nossas aulas anteriores (aulas específicas por cargo em salas separadas)

TEMAS (ASSUNTOS) das AULAS anteriores POR CARGO

temas das aulas de 09 de novembro de 2013

OPERADOR / PERFURAÇÃO E POÇOS /
e INSPEÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS (OP / PP / IE )
hidrostática 

TEC em QUÍMICA (TQ)
cinética química e equilíbrio químico

TEC MANUTENÇÃO MECÂNICA JR (TM)
materiais de construção mecânica /  sistemas hidraúlicos e pneumáticos

TEC INSTRUMENTAÇÃO (IT) / TEC MANUT ELETRÔNICA (ET)
fluxograma de engenharia, lista de instrumentos, diagramas de interligação,  de malha e lógicos.
matriz de causa e efeito.
tipos de manutenção (corretiva, preventiva, preditiva)

TEC MANUT ELÉTRICA (EL)
eletromagnetismo aplicado a máquinas e motores elétricos

TEC TELECOMUNICAÇÕES (TL)
redes

TEC ADMINISTRAÇÃO e CONTROLE JR (ADM)
matemática financeira

TEC SEGURANÇA do TRABALHO (TS)
NR 13  e  NR 35

quarta-feira, 15 de janeiro de 2014

E A PETROBRAS NÃO PARA DE CRESCER !

RESERVAS DE PETRÓLEO DA PETROBRAS ATINGIRAM 16 BILHÕES DE BARRIS EM 2013

DURANTE O ANO DE 2013, HOUVE UM ACRÉSCIMO DE 1,141 BILHÃO DE BARRIS ÀS RESERVAS


Petrobras Exploração de petróleo (Foto: Divulgação)
A Petrobras comunicou nesta terça-feira (14/01), que o volume de suas reservas provadas de petróleo (óleo e condensado) e gás natural, apuradas no final de 2013 atingiram 16,565 bilhões de barris de óleo equivalente (boe), representando um aumento de 0,8% em relação a 2012.
Conforme o fato relevante, durante o ano de 2013, foi apropriado um volume de 1,141 bilhão de barris às reservas provadas. "Neste ano, foram realizadas vendas de participação de campos com reservas provadas que totalizaram 0,156 bilhão de boe", destaca.
Ainda segundo a estatal, o balanço entre apropriações e vendas resultou em um acréscimo de 985 milhões de barris às reservas provadas, contra uma produção de 861 milhões de barris, não tendo sido consideradas, nestes volumes, a produção dos Testes de Longa Duração (TLD) em blocos exploratórios no Brasil nem a produção da Bolívia, "uma vez que a Constituição deste país proíbe divulgação e registro de suas reservas. A evolução das reservas provadas".

http://epocanegocios.globo.com/Informacao/Resultados/noticia/2014/01/reservas-de-petroleo-da-petrobras-atingiram-16-bilhoes-de-barris-em-2013.html

sábado, 4 de janeiro de 2014

DIVERSOS SIGNIFICADOS da Doutrina Militar dos EUA


Engdahl's 'Full Spectrum Dominance' Reviewed
By Stephen Lendman
7-27-9
 
Reviewing F. William Engdahl's 'Full Spectrum Dominance:
Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order' - Part II
 
For over 30 years, F. William Engdahl has been a leading researcher, economist, and analyst of the New World Order with extensive writing to his credit on energy, politics, and economics. His newest book is titled "Full Strectrum Dominance: Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order."
 
Part I was reviewed earlier. Part II continues the story of America's quest for global dominance and why its own internal rot may defeat it.
 
The Significance of Darfur in Sudan
 
In a word - oil in the form of huge potential reserves with Chinese companies involved in discovering them. Washington's genocide claim is a hoax. Yet it's trumpeted by the media and foolhardy celebrities used as props for the charade. By 2007, China was getting up to 30% of its oil from Africa prompting its "extraordinary series of diplomatic initiatives that left Washington furious" and determined to respond.
 
Beijing offers African countries "no-strings-attached dollar credits" compared to exploitive IMF and World Bank terms. It paid off with important oil deals with Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan's Darfur region. China National Petroleum Company (CNPC) is now Sudan's largest foreign investor, around $15 billion in the past decade, and it co-owns a refinery near Khartoum. It also built an oil pipeline from southern Sudan to Port Sudan on the Red Sea from where tankers ship it to China.
 
With its need for oil growing at around 30% a year, China must have all the secure sources it can arrange, so what Africa can supply is crucial. Hence the Darfur confrontation, fake genocide charges, and Washington pressuring the government to sever its ties with China, something Khartoum won't countenance.
 
For years as well, America used proxy Chad, Eritrea, and other forces, poured arms into Southeastern Sudan and Darfur, and trained the Sudan People's Liberation Army's (SPLA) John Garang at the School of the Americas for his role as a Pentagon's stooge. His campaign in the country's south, and that of others in Darfur, killed tens of thousands and left several million displaced. At stake is vital energy and other resources from Sudan and elsewhere, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, long reeling from Washington-initiated aggression using proxy forces for the dirty work.
 
For one, Chad's thuggish "President for life" Idriss Deby's elite troops, trained and armed by the Pentagon, for attacks in Darfur and to aid rebel forces against the Khartoum government in Southwestern Sudan. A US/World Bank-financed pipeline also extends from Chad to the Cameroon coast as "part of a far grander scheme to control the oil riches of Central Africa from Sudan to the Gulf of Guinea" - an area with reserves potentially on a par with the Persian Gulf making it a great enough prize to go all out for.
 
Enter China with "buckets of aid money" offered Chad the result of Deby wanting a greater share of the revenues, creating his own oil company, SHT, and threatening to expel Chevron for not paying its required taxes. Things got resolved, "but the winds of change were blowing" with China taking advantage, something "not greeted well in Washington."
 
"Chad and Darfur (are) part of a significant Chinese effort to secure oil at the source(s), all across Africa," a matter Washington's Africa policy is addressing with AFRICOM and various military bases on the continent plus others planned. Washington wants global control of oil. Because of its growing needs, China represents a challenge everywhere but especially in Africa and Latin America. The result - "an undeclared, but very real, New Cold War (is on) over oil."
 
Tibet is another battleground with unrest unleashed ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The operation dates from when George Bush met the Dalai Lama publicly in Washington for the first time, signaled his backing for Tibetan independence, and awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal. It clearly angered China that considers Tibet part of its territory.
 
China also worried that Washington targeted Tibet with a Crimson Revolution much like earlier ones in Georgia, Ukraine and elsewhere while at the same time embarrassing Beijing ahead of its Olympics - intended to display its prosperity to a world television audience round the clock from August 8 - 24. The stakes on both sides are huge and remain so going forward.
 
The Dalai Lama plays a pivotal role, but not what most people think. Although promoted in the West as spiritual and concerned for human rights and justice, as far back as the 1930s he "traveled in rather extreme conservative political circles," including with extremist Nazis when he was a boy.
 
Later in 1999, he joined with Margaret Thatcher and GHW Bush in demanding the British government release Augusto Pinochet, under house arrest in London, and not extradite him to Spain for prosecution. Also, US government documents dating from 1959 revealed that he was was financed and backed by "various US and Western intelligence services and their gaggle of NGOs." He continues to serve them today and got a White House meeting and Congressional Gold Medal for his efforts.
 
In 1959, the CIA helped him flee Tibet to Dharamsala, India where he's lived for the past 50 years, surfacing where Washington sends him for whatever purpose is intended. He's also gotten millions of NED dollars to engage in disruptive activities benefitting the West against designated adversaries.
 
"The most prominent pro-Dalai Lama Tibet independence organization in the destabilization attempt of 2008 was the International Campaign for Tibet (ICT), founded in Washington in 1988." Its board of directors includes former US State Department officials revealing Washington's clear involvement. For the past 15 years, NED provided funding for its usual type mischief. Other anti-Beijing organizations are also active, including the US-based Students for a Free Tibet (SFT), founded in 1994 as a US Tibet Committee project, financed by NED for "made-in-the-USA" subversion.
 
Tibet is also important as one of the world's most valued water sources and for its "treasure of minerals....oil (and) some of the world's largest uranium and borax deposits, one half of the world's lithium, the largest copper deposits in Asia, enormous iron deposits, and over 80,000 gold mines." Also its forests contain China's largest timber reserve, and its "treasure basin" border with Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 57 types of mineral reserves, including oil, natural gas, coal, crude salt, potassium, magnesium, lead, zinc and gold worth an estimated $1.8 trillion. Truly a "treasure" worth contesting for and the reason for America's interest. Human rights and promoting democracy are subterfuge, the same as everywhere America has a strategic interest, usually focused on resources.
 
Destabilizing Tibet "was part of a shift of great significance....at a time when the US economy and the US dollar....were in the worst crisis since the 1930s....By the end of 2008 (America looked) more and more like the British Empire of the late 1930s - a global imperium in terminal decline" yet determined to impose its will on an increasingly reluctant world wanting better alternatives than they're getting. Quashing it requires "full spectrum dominance," something the Pentagon clearly understands. So do nations like China, Russia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and others on every continent.
 
Global Bases As the Basis of Empire
 
NATO currently includes 28 member states, including 10 former Soviet Republics and Warsaw Pact countries. Prospective new candidates include Georgia, Ukraine, Croatia, Albania and Macedonia and potentially others later to more tightly encircle Russia. At the same time, the Middle East and part of Eurasia have been increasingly militarized with a network of US bases from Qatar to Iraq, Afghanistan and beyond - a clear breach of GHW Bush's promise to Mikhail Gorbachev that paved the way for unifying Germany in 1990 and dissolving the Soviet Union.
 
The Pentagon has hundreds of bases globally, 1000 or more by some estimates, including secret and shared ones for greater control - at a time when no nation threatens America yet trillions of dollars are spent anyway and over time may bankrupt the nation.
 
Many of them were built in the last 10 years starting with Camp Bondsteel in occupied Kosovo. Numerous others followed in Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and new ones planned for Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean - to be closer to potential targets like Russia, China, Iran, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Cuba.
 
In recent years, it's become clear that America seeks more than the strategic control of resources. It wants global dominance, without challenge, by political, economic and military means. In other words, "full spectrum dominance" to become master of the universe.
 
Along with encroachment, encirclement and control, another agenda is in play - over a dozen built or planned Afghanistan bases to defend the country's opium fields and the lucrative billions they provide. Much like Southeast Asia's Golden Triangle in the 1960s and 1970s, they supply CIA with significant drug revenues, then laundered through front company banks abroad and at home to finance covert and intelligence activities along with the agency's generous black budget.
 
Pentagon planners regard Afghanistan as strategically crucial - to project military power against Russia, China, Iran, and other oil-rich Middle East States. It's also for a proposed oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Indian Ocean and close to Kyrgyzstan where another US base is planned at Bishkek's international airport. In all, 13 new US bases will cross Eurasia, including three in Pakistani cities. Most, perhaps all, are permanent, especially in occupied Iraq and Afghanistan.
 
America in Terminal Decline?
 
Like ancient Rome, Ottoman Turkey, Britain, Austria-Hungary, and dozens of other previous empires, America increasingly shows signs of "terminal decline as Bush and Cheney launched their bold military policies to extend its imperial life, or as George HW Bush (called it), the New World Order." Friendly persuasion no longer works. Raw military power is the strategy, "a de facto admission of the failure of the American Century" and a sign of its terminal decline.
 
At the end of the Cold War, a "leaner and meaner" nuclear force" was deployed with little fanfare, including (post-2004) Conplan 8022 (for contingency plan) putting nuclear bombers on Ready Alert status from global locations - to conduct "Global Strikes" anywhere with devastating force, nuclear or conventional. In addition, NATO "would be subject to US desires and adventures" - a very disquieting situation for potential targets and planet earth if nuclear weapons are used.
 
The Curious History of "Star Wars"
 
As mentioned above, Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (dubbed "Star Wars") on March 23, 1983 even though the whole idea is fantasy as independent experts then and now assert. MIT's Theodore Postal for one, a leading authority on ballistic missile defenses. He flatly states:
 
"the National Missile Defense System has no credible scientific chance of working (and) is a serious abuse of our security system."
 
Nonetheless, the program was launched, and according to a former economic studies head of the Soviet Union's Institute of World and Economy & International Relations (IMECO), it forced his country to spend so much that it contributed greatly to the Warsaw Pact's collapse and Germany's 1990 reunification.
 
NASA and Military Secrecy
 
In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Act created NASA's Space Program in response to the Soviet's successful October 1957 Sputnik 1 launching. The Space Race was on to see which side could trump the other but not without inevitable problems.
 
A major one happened on January 28, 1986 when the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded in flight killing all on board. Official causes cited faulty O-rings to hide the truth. Contrary to NASA being "devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of mankind," it's really to control space, weaponize it, launch first-strikes against adversaries like Russia, and achieve "full spectrum dominance."
 
In December 2000, prior to Donald Rumsfeld becoming Defense Secretary, the Pentagon's newly released Strategy Report for Europe and NATO included a Theater Missile Defense section in clear violation of the ABM Treaty. Russia and China expressed "grave concern," and with good reason. They're the main targets and they know it.
 
"Missile defense" is for offense, but not against "rogue states" or "terrorists." It's for nuclear supremacy ("unilateral assured destruction") and "full spectrum dominance." It's also to intimidate rivals like Russia and China, and potentially unleash a first-strike attack with catastrophic consequences if it happens.
 
Iran threatens no other nation, and so far as known, its commercial nuclear program complies with NPT unlike notorious nuclear outlaw states - Israel, India and Pakistan. Nonetheless, Tehran may also be targeted for its huge oil and natural gas reserves and to remove Israel's main regional rival. But that's a sideshow. "Full spectrum dominance" depends on eliminating any challenge from Russia mainly, a nuclear superpower, then China, a less formidable nuclear threat but growing economic rival.
 
Washington's Nuclear Obsession
 
Russia knows that "missile defense" is for offense and nuclear supremacy to enforce America's will on the world without challenge. After September 11, 2001, the Bush administration renounced its treaty obligations, like ABM, then pursued "explicitly banned weapons....with hardly a peep of protest from Congress" or most other nations.
 
Studies like the 1995-96 Air Force 2025 elaborately detailed "hundreds of technologically advanced, super-sophisticated space-based weapons systems intended to provide the United States with global combat support capabilities in space (to let America) remain the dominant air and space force in the future...."
 
One example is a laser cannon to:
 
"successfully attack ground or airborne targets by melting or cracking cockpit canopies, burning through control cables, exploding fuel tanks, melting or burning sensor assemblies and antenna arrays, exploding or melting munitions pods, destroying ground communications and power grids, and melting or burning a large variety of strategic targets (of every imaginable kind) - all in a fraction of a second."
 
During the Cold War, Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) restrained both sides. However, with space-based capabilities, America could think the unthinkable - the insane idea that nuclear war harms only the target, not the US or rest of the world. That's "really and truly mad."
 
Secretly under development since the 1970s, Nuclear Missile Defense (NMD) includes:
 
-- radar installations to detect enemy missile launches and track them; and
 
-- ground-based interceptor missiles to destroy them in flight before they reach US air space.
 
The Bush administration planned interceptor sites in California, Alaska, and Poland. Installing "infrastructure in East Europe was far and away the most reckless enterprise of a cabal that had already demonstrated its bent for dangerous and foolish brinkmanship." With missile "defenses" within minutes of Russian targets, Moscow wouldn't know if they were nuclear armed or not, but the possibility puts the world "on a hair-trigger to possible nuclear war, by design or miscalculation," and thus the greatest ever threat to possible Armageddon if leaders on either side react wrongly.
 
Yet that's precisely the path still on with Obama pursuing the same recklessness as George Bush and Donald Rumsfeld - "full spectrum dominance, the New World Order, and the elimination of Russia, once and for all, as a potential rival for power." China potentially as well. Installing NMD is one part of the grand scheme. Launching offensive nuclear missiles another, and today the chance it may happen is greater than ever, despite the sheer madness of doing it.
 
Yet NMD is "coupled with the Top Secret order by the Secretary of Defense....to implement Conplan 8022, 'which provides the President a prompt, global strike capability.' (It means Washington) decided to make nuclear war an 'option' " - an absolutely insane strategy.
 
Dr. Strangelove Lives!
 
The 1964 Stanley Kubrick film portrayed a nuclear Doomsday Machine with the subtitle: "How to stop worrying and love the bomb." It ended with "an accidental, inadvertent, pre-emptive US nuclear attack on the Soviet Union," today more possible than ever, something the film only portrayed as black comedy.
 
Conplan 8022 is offensive and preemptive on "the mere perception of an imminent threat, and carried out by Presidential order," with no Congressional authorization, internal debate, or consultation with allies. Today, the world risks Armageddon based solely on perception, US intentions, and whether the president of the United States pulls the nuclear trigger.
 
The Permanent War State Lobby
 
Post-WW II, US dominance "depended on two main pillars:"
 
-- maintaining the dollar as the world's reserve currency, with oil and other hard commodities dollar denominated; and
 
-- unchallengeable US military power.
 
The American Security Council
 
Founded in 1956, the Washington-based American Security Council (ASC) is "One of the least-known and most influential organizations to formulate policy initiatives for (the) military-industrial complex....(It's) played a prominent role in almost every important foreign policy or national security program since World War II." According to its web site, its "inner circle" included some "of the most influential names in the American establishment of the day."
 
Figures like Time magazine's founder Henry Luce and his wife Clare Boothe Luce, closely tied to CIA chief Allen Dulles who considered Henry one of his key media assets. Noteworthy others as well - a who's who, including Walt Disney, Averell Harriman, Senator Thomas Dodd (Chris Dodd's father), Senator Henry (Scoop) Jackson, General Douglas MacArthur, House Speaker Sam Rayburn, Nelson Rockefeller, Eugene Rostow, Senator John Tower, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, and "some of the most aggressive military organizations in the United States."
 
Throughout the Cold War, "the ASC was at the heart of propaganda and lobbying initiatives which supported the military-industrial complex and the establishment of America's permanent Security State and war economy."
 
After the Soviet Union's dissolution, a New Military-Industrial Complex emerged, according to writers Ian Mount, David Freedman, and Matthew Maier in the March 2003 issue of Business2.0. It embraced "the latest generation of high-tech weaponry (and) the military's new doctrine of faster, lighter, smarter warfare - combat in which cutting-edge technology becomes US troops' deadliest weapon."
 
The Pentagon calls it a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) or a blueprint for "full spectrum dominance." Its proponents include "some of the most powerful people ever (in) Washington, including Donald Rumsfeld and Dick Cheney," out of office but still influential.
 
The Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)
 
Afghanistan and Iraq are examples of "alternative methods to secure the American Century well into the future." So is the notion of first-strike with enough force to prevent any significant retaliation. The Pentagon's notion of "counterforce" means the ability to destroy an adversary's nuclear missiles pre-launch with Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), then "cleaning up" the few still remaining to precude retaliation.
 
The idea isn't new and first surfaced in the 1970s under Nixon, Kissinger, and other prominent military-industrial complex figures. In a word, it's that "nuclear war is not only 'thinkable,' it was do-able" to secure US Nuclear Primacy.
 
In January 1974, in the midst of the Watergate crisis, Nixon signed National Security Decision Memorandum 242 (NSDM-242) titled "Policy for Planning for Employment of Nuclear Weapons....for Deterrence." It stated that:
 
"The United States will rely primarily on US and allied conventional forces to deter conventional aggression by both nuclear and non-nuclear powers. Nevertheless, this does not preclude US use of nuclear weapons in response to conventional aggression." It also said "The fundamental mission of US nuclear forces is to deter nuclear war (and) attacks - conventional and nuclear" and implied that first-strike would be used to do it as part of new nuclear war options. "The USA was going for it all."
 
Defense Secretary James Schlesinger directed the development of new technologies to achieve it, including:
 
-- miniaturization of nuclear warheads enough for one missile nose cone to carry up to 17; and
 
-- atomic physics and computerized navigational device advances to improve accuracy to within 50 feet of a target.
 
These breakthroughs gave America a first ever strategic edge - the ability to destroy hardened silos, submarines and aircraft. Even so, the "essential element to make the entire program workable and operational remained (elusive): a Ballistic Missile Defense (BDM) system to take out any (surviving) Soviet missiles" that could be launched in retaliation.
 
So in 1973, RAND think-tank specialist Dr. Andrew W. Marshall became Director of the Office of Net Assessment, US Defense Department, and created what was called the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). He described it as:
 
"a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations."
 
Marshall became known as "Yoda," referring to the Star Wars film character Grand Master of the Jedi Order. At age 86, he's still active because of his expertise, skills, and value. His job is "to assess regional and global military balances and to determine long-term trends and threats."
 
Developing first-strike systems continued after Richard Nixon, including Jimmy Carter's Presidential Directives PD 18 - 59 calling for:
 
-- developing Anti-Satellite weapons (ASAT) to destroy Soviet early warning systems;
 
-- Pershing II missiles to decapitate the Soviet leadership; and
 
-- a Counterforce Nuclear First Strike to destroy almost all Soviet nuclear weapons.
 
During his tenure, Carter "authorized the greatest commitment to war-fighting of any President in history." Nonetheless, an effective anti-missile defense remains "the missing link to a First Strike capability." The Cold War ended in 1990. America's quest for a First Strike advantage still continues. It's considered the "grand prize for global domination through Nuclear Primacy."
 
That along with a new way of waging wars: "by spy satellites and long-range missiles, by computer viruses that would disable the enemies' offensive and defensive systems, and by a 'layered' defense system that would make the US impenetrable."
 
The political climate and neoliberal heyday under Bill Clinton held new military technological advances at bay. That changed under George Bush, even before 9/11, with Andrew Marshall still around and active at an advanced age. His proteges include a rogues gallery of hawks, including Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Dick Cheney who with others comprised the hard core defense and intelligence team, neocons in the Bush administration.
 
"As a group, Andrew Marshall's proteges formed the most powerful military lobby in the US policy establishment in the first years of the 21st century. They advocated radical force transformation, deployment of anti-missile defense, unilateral pre-emptive aggression, and militarization of space in order to use the US military to achieve for the United States and its closest allies, total domination of the planet (and) outer space. It was perhaps the most dangerous group of ideologues in United States history," and their influence remains.
 
Marshall advocates weaponizing new technologies and testing them in real conflicts like Iraq and Afghanistan. Obama's security appointments reflect the same ideas and goals so expect continuation of Bush policies ahead. He favored preemptive aggressive wars. So does Obama as evidenced by his stepped up offensive in Afghanistan and Pakistan, permanent occupation of Iraq, challenging Russia with offensive missiles, and encirclement with new military bases.
 
Challenging the Official 9/11 Scenario
 
Skeptics abound and with good reason. The idea that 19 Arab terrorists "could commandeer, with only primitive boxcutters, four sophisticated Boeing commercial jets and redirect three of them, successfully, as apparently poorly-trained amateurs in air maneuvers which seasoned pilots claimed were near impossible" seemed utterly preposterous.
 
Eckehardt Werthebach, former German domestic intelligence service president said:
 
"the deathly precision and the magnitude of planning behind the attacks would have needed years of planning (and would require the) fixed frame (of a state intelligence organization unavailable to a) loose group" of terrorists. Werthebach's conclusion: the attacks were "state organized actions."
 
Andreas von Bulow, a former German Parliamentary Commission member in charge of three branches of German secret service, believes the Israeli Mossad and CIA were responsible for the attacks using corrupt "guns for hire" to pull it off. The lack of an open and serious investigation was incomprehensible in their view and proof of an official cover-up. Other experts agree. The 9/11 story is preposterous on its face - concocted to hide the truth.
 
Just as Franklin Roosevelt used Japan's Pearl Harbor attack (known well in advance to be coming) to launch The American Century, the neocons around George Bush used 9/11 for the Global War on Terror, attacking Afghanistan and Iraq, and waging permanent war on the world ever since with defense appropriations topping a trillion dollars annually in spite of America having no enemies.
 
In a bid for "full spectrum dominance" to extend many years into the future, "It was to be an increasingly desperate bid to prop up a crumbling empire, that like ancient Rome, the Ottoman Empire, Czarist Russia, the British Empire," and all others in history, "had already rotted far too deeply from within." The price of imperial arrogance yields bitter fruit. America is no exception. It's not a question of if it will fall, just when and with what fallout.
 
Full Spectrum Dominance or Fully Mad
 
Under George Bush, "defense" spending "exploded beyond all precedent" and annually way exceeds $1 trillion dollars now with all categories included. The official Pentagon budget alone more than doubled from $333 billion in FY 2001 to $711 billion for FY 2009, and Obama's proposed FY 2010 budget is the highest ever requested. Today, America accounts for around half of all global military spending - at a time it has no enemies but seeks global dominance through wars, intimidation or other means.
 
Supporting a "Mafia state" in Kosovo is one example. When Kosovars declared their independence in early 2008, Washington extended recognition despite objections from several EU countries and the fact "Kosovo independence and its recognition openly violated UN resolutions for Kosovo, making a farce of the UN, as well as violating international law."
 
Equally troublesome is Kosovo's prime minister, Hashim Thaci, a known criminal whom Interpol and German BND intelligence connect to organized crime, including drugs trafficking, extortion, and prostitution. No matter, as Washington, NATO, and the EU embrace a man they can control, and for America it secured a strategic foothold in Southeast Europe - "a major step in consolidating NATO's control of Eurasia...." Moscow objected vehemently as it compromises its own security.
 
Georgia's August 2008 South Ossetia invasion did as well, another provocation very troublesome to the Kremlin, and with good reason. Like most others, it was made-in-the-USA and Moscow knew it, especially after uncovering incriminating evidence besides what was already known about Washington and Israel's involvement.
 
After Russia easily defeated the Georgian army, its spy satellite spotted a convoy with Georgian special troops en route to Poti, the port city under Russian occupation. It was captured along with its weapons and "a large trove of top-secret NATO documents concerning their hightly secret satellite technology." It was analyzed, used to capture large stocks of US military equipment stored in Georgia, and humiliate Washington and Israel at the same time.
 
It was also learned that captured Pentagon electronic equipment was manufactured in the Ukraine (a non-NATO state) under US license, yet "NATO-compatible sensitive military equipment" was being made there sub rosa. The discovery for Russia "totally compromised both the American and Israeli intelligence networks set up in Georgia (to spy) on Iran, Russia and Turkey."
 
Later it was learned that Ukraine president Viktor Yushchenko was involved in illegal Georgian arms sales, fraudulently under-reported their value to his own tax authorities, and engaged in extensive embezzlement exceeding $1 billion for himself and associates.
 
Yet along with Georgia, Washington supports Ukraine's admission to NATO for greater chokehold control over Russia. Gangster dictatorships in both countries make them all the more attractive to America's strategic aim for global dominance.
 
AFRICOM, China and Resource Wars
 
China's rapid growth requires increasing amounts of all types of resources, especially oil, natural gas and all others for its industries plus enough food to feed its huge and growing population. Getting them puts it in competition with America that wants global control of them all.
 
For its part, geologists believe Africa holds the world's largest mineral riches. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for one, an immense country the size of Western Europe with its Kivu region bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi in the East being one of the most mineral-rich regions in the world, which is why so much conflict vies to control it.
 
Overall, Congo has over half the world's cobalt, one-third of its diamonds, and three-fourths of its vital columbite-tantalite or "coltan," essential for computer chips, circuit boards, mobile phones, laptops, and other electronic devices. Having the right leadership in the country and its neighbors is thus crucial, and when any outlive their usefulness they're removed, by assassination or other means.
 
"The common thread linking Kivu with Darfur" and other vital regions of the continent is that America wants control of their resources to be able to deny them to China and other non-strategic partners. For its part, Beijing needs a reliable present and future supply and has taken effective non-military means to secure them.
 
The toll on Congolese has been horrific, the result of Washington-engineered conflict to split the country and control its eastern riches. According to the International Rescue Committee, over 5.4 million civilians have been killed in ongoing fighting since 1996, without a word of outcry from the Western media compared to fraudulent genocide claims in Darfur.
 
Also unreported was that Congo's president, Joseph Kabila, was negotiating a $9 billion trade agreement with China - his "irreversible choice" as preferred trading partner to the displeasure of Washington. Shortly afterwards, eastern fighting broke out with regional US stooges attacking the DRC - Rwanda's president Paul Kagame (trained at Fort Leavenworth, KS) and Laurent Nkunda (another Fort Leavenworth product), his ally and henchman with all signs pointing to a US role sure to intensify with the establishment of AFRICOM.
 
America's two key Eastern Africa military partners, Rwanda and Uganda, are used freely against Eastern Congo to counter China's influence in the region. "The balkanization of Congo appeared to be a major objective behind the organized chaos (and mass slaughter) in the Great Lakes region."
 
Throughout the continent, the Pentagon under George Bush signed base agreements with numerous countries, including Botswana, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zambia - besides many others in Iraq and other Middle Eastern oil-rich states.
 
China is the target - seen as a threat to Washington's control of the continent's riches. Its rapid industrialization requires growing amounts of "every mineral commodity imaginable...." AFRICOM was established to secure them for America and deny them to Beijing by blocking its economic presence in the region.
 
Obama supports it, and it's why he retained Robert Gates as Defense Secretary. He's said publicly that he backs offensive missiles in Poland and connected radar in the Czech Republic - both targeting Russia, not Iran, the official claim. In addition, Marine General James Jones, a former NATO commander, was appointed National Security Advisor and played a central role in establishing AFRICOM. After retiring, he served on the boards of Boeing and Chevron Oil and is closely connected to the military-industrial-oil complex as well as neocons in the Bush administration. Obama also appointed Admiral Dennis Blair, a former Pacific Fleet commander and China specialist, as Director of National Intelligence - the top intelligence job.
 
Afghanistan as "The Main Geopolitical Prize"
 
Straightaway in his new administration, Obama ordered an additional 17,500 more troops to the country, potentially more to follow, and just recently appointed a new commander, General Stanley McChrystal, described earlier as a hired gun with a reputation for brutishness and indifference to slaughtering civilians.
 
America's interest in Afghanistan has nothing to do with bin Laden (likely dead since December 2001), Al Qaeda, or the Taliban. It's all about "geopolitics and the geopolitical encirclement of both China and Russia" with Eurasia the grandest of grand prizes. To do it after the 2001 invasion, America built at least 19 military bases in Central East Asia and Middle Asia, including 14 in Afghanistan - for regional control and "air and space surveillance systems to monitor air traffic throughout all of Eurasia, from China to Russia."
 
America's obsession with militarism includes the homeland with an array of post-9/11 police state laws destroying constitutional checks and balances and Bill of Rights protections. Illegal spying on Americans is now widespread and commonplace, and the Pentagon, for starters, ordered 20,000 combat troops deployed inside the country by 2011. In addition, the Bush administration funded FEMA with hundreds of millions of dollars to retrofit former military bases and construct other facilities as detention camps.
 
Currently, over 800 are in every state, ready if ordered, with enough capacity for many tens of thousands of internees. They're not ordinary in any sense. They're concentration camps for dissidents or others targeted by order of the president or others he directs. In addition, National Guard forces will be employed, and local police have been militarized to work cooperatively with the Pentagon to achieve police state enforcement on the pretext of "respond(ing) to a nuclear terrorist attack or other domestic catastrophe."
 
It's why this writer calls the country Police State America, and unless addressed will get more hardline until fast disappearing civil liberties no longer exist and the nation is isn't safe or fit to live in. That's where we're heading without a hint from Big Media.
 
Equally alarming is an Obama administration proposal calling for a National Civilian Security Force that will be "at least as powerful and well-funded as the US military."
Early in the new administration, it's clear that continuity, not change, is planned with "full spectrum dominance" the goal, globally, including hardline in America. What's unclear is "the extent to which the most devastating economic crisis since the Great Depression would affect the ability of Washington policymakers to project that power."
 
Going forward, today's choices "could spell the end of the American Century from the rot of its own internal policy since the Vietnam War." The nation's militarism threatens its own survival "as a functioning democracy" and the planet.
 
In his writings, Chalmers Johnson explains that America is plagued by the same dynamic that doomed past empires unwilling to change - "isolation, overstretch, the uniting of local and global forces opposed to imperialism, and in the end bankruptcy" along with authoritarian rule and loss of personal freedom. Nixon's chief economic advisor, Herb Stein, explained it saying: "Things that can't go on forever, won't."