DIVERSOS SIGNIFICADOS da Doutrina Militar dos EUA

Engdahl's 'Full Spectrum Dominance' Reviewed
By Stephen Lendman
7-27-9

 

Reviewing F. William Engdahl's 'Full Spectrum Dominance: Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order' - Part II   For over 30 years, F. William Engdahl has been a leading researcher, economist, and analyst of the New World Order with extensive writing to his credit on energy, politics, and economics. His newest book is titled "Full Strectrum Dominance: Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order."   Part I was reviewed earlier. Part II continues the story of America's quest for global dominance and why its own internal rot may defeat it.   The Significance of Darfur in Sudan   In a word - oil in the form of huge potential reserves with Chinese companies involved in discovering them. Washington's genocide claim is a hoax. Yet it's trumpeted by the media and foolhardy celebrities used as props for the charade. By 2007, China was getting up to 30% of its oil from Africa prompting its "extraordinary series of diplomatic initiatives that left Washington furious" and determined to respond.   Beijing offers African countries "no-strings-attached dollar credits" compared to exploitive IMF and World Bank terms. It paid off with important oil deals with Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan's Darfur region. China National Petroleum Company (CNPC) is now Sudan's largest foreign investor, around $15 billion in the past decade, and it co-owns a refinery near Khartoum. It also built an oil pipeline from southern Sudan to Port Sudan on the Red Sea from where tankers ship it to China.   With its need for oil growing at around 30% a year, China must have all the secure sources it can arrange, so what Africa can supply is crucial. Hence the Darfur confrontation, fake genocide charges, and Washington pressuring the government to sever its ties with China, something Khartoum won't countenance.   For years as well, America used proxy Chad, Eritrea, and other forces, poured arms into Southeastern Sudan and Darfur, and trained the Sudan People's Liberation Army's (SPLA) John Garang at the School of the Americas for his role as a Pentagon's stooge. His campaign in the country's south, and that of others in Darfur, killed tens of thousands and left several million displaced. At stake is vital energy and other resources from Sudan and elsewhere, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, long reeling from Washington-initiated aggression using proxy forces for the dirty work.   For one, Chad's thuggish "President for life" Idriss Deby's elite troops, trained and armed by the Pentagon, for attacks in Darfur and to aid rebel forces against the Khartoum government in Southwestern Sudan. A US/World Bank-financed pipeline also extends from Chad to the Cameroon coast as "part of a far grander scheme to control the oil riches of Central Africa from Sudan to the Gulf of Guinea" - an area with reserves potentially on a par with the Persian Gulf making it a great enough prize to go all out for.   Enter China with "buckets of aid money" offered Chad the result of Deby wanting a greater share of the revenues, creating his own oil company, SHT, and threatening to expel Chevron for not paying its required taxes. Things got resolved, "but the winds of change were blowing" with China taking advantage, something "not greeted well in Washington."   "Chad and Darfur (are) part of a significant Chinese effort to secure oil at the source(s), all across Africa," a matter Washington's Africa policy is addressing with AFRICOM and various military bases on the continent plus others planned. Washington wants global control of oil. Because of its growing needs, China represents a challenge everywhere but especially in Africa and Latin America. The result - "an undeclared, but very real, New Cold War (is on) over oil."   Tibet is another battleground with unrest unleashed ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The operation dates from when George Bush met the Dalai Lama publicly in Washington for the first time, signaled his backing for Tibetan independence, and awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal. It clearly angered China that considers Tibet part of its territory.   China also worried that Washington targeted Tibet with a Crimson Revolution much like earlier ones in Georgia, Ukraine and elsewhere while at the same time embarrassing Beijing ahead of its Olympics - intended to display its prosperity to a world television audience round the clock from August 8 - 24. The stakes on both sides are huge and remain so going forward.   The Dalai Lama plays a pivotal role, but not what most people think. Although promoted in the West as spiritual and concerned for human rights and justice, as far back as the 1930s he "traveled in rather extreme conservative political circles," including with extremist Nazis when he was a boy.   Later in 1999, he joined with Margaret Thatcher and GHW Bush in demanding the British government release Augusto Pinochet, under house arrest in London, and not extradite him to Spain for prosecution. Also, US government documents dating from 1959 revealed that he was was financed and backed by "various US and Western intelligence services and their gaggle of NGOs." He continues to serve them today and got a White House meeting and Congressional Gold Medal for his efforts.   In 1959, the CIA helped him flee Tibet to Dharamsala, India where he's lived for the past 50 years, surfacing where Washington sends him for whatever purpose is intended. He's also gotten millions of NED dollars to engage in disruptive activities benefitting the West against designated adversaries.   "The most prominent pro-Dalai Lama Tibet independence organization in the destabilization attempt of 2008 was the International Campaign for Tibet (ICT), founded in Washington in 1988." Its board of directors includes former US State Department officials revealing Washington's clear involvement. For the past 15 years, NED provided funding for its usual type mischief. Other anti-Beijing organizations are also active, including the US-based Students for a Free Tibet (SFT), founded in 1994 as a US Tibet Committee project, financed by NED for "made-in-the-USA" subversion.   Tibet is also important as one of the world's most valued water sources and for its "treasure of minerals....oil (and) some of the world's largest uranium and borax deposits, one half of the world's lithium, the largest copper deposits in Asia, enormous iron deposits, and over 80,000 gold mines." Also its forests contain China's largest timber reserve, and its "treasure basin" border with Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 57 types of mineral reserves, including oil, natural gas, coal, crude salt, potassium, magnesium, lead, zinc and gold worth an estimated $1.8 trillion. Truly a "treasure" worth contesting for and the reason for America's interest. Human rights and promoting democracy are subterfuge, the same as everywhere America has a strategic interest, usually focused on resources.   Destabilizing Tibet "was part of a shift of great significance....at a time when the US economy and the US dollar....were in the worst crisis since the 1930s....By the end of 2008 (America looked) more and more like the British Empire of the late 1930s - a global imperium in terminal decline" yet determined to impose its will on an increasingly reluctant world wanting better alternatives than they're getting. Quashing it requires "full spectrum dominance," something the Pentagon clearly understands. So do nations like China, Russia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and others on every continent.   Global Bases As the Basis of Empire   NATO currently includes 28 member states, including 10 former Soviet Republics and Warsaw Pact countries. Prospective new candidates include Georgia, Ukraine, Croatia, Albania and Macedonia and potentially others later to more tightly encircle Russia. At the same time, the Middle East and part of Eurasia have been increasingly militarized with a network of US bases from Qatar to Iraq, Afghanistan and beyond - a clear breach of GHW Bush's promise to Mikhail Gorbachev that paved the way for unifying Germany in 1990 and dissolving the Soviet Union.   The Pentagon has hundreds of bases globally, 1000 or more by some estimates, including secret and shared ones for greater control - at a time when no nation threatens America yet trillions of dollars are spent anyway and over time may bankrupt the nation.   Many of them were built in the last 10 years starting with Camp Bondsteel in occupied Kosovo. Numerous others followed in Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and new ones planned for Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean - to be closer to potential targets like Russia, China, Iran, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Cuba.   In recent years, it's become clear that America seeks more than the strategic control of resources. It wants global dominance, without challenge, by political, economic and military means. In other words, "full spectrum dominance" to become master of the universe.   Along with encroachment, encirclement and control, another agenda is in play - over a dozen built or planned Afghanistan bases to defend the country's opium fields and the lucrative billions they provide. Much like Southeast Asia's Golden Triangle in the 1960s and 1970s, they supply CIA with significant drug revenues, then laundered through front company banks abroad and at home to finance covert and intelligence activities along with the agency's generous black budget.   Pentagon planners regard Afghanistan as strategically crucial - to project military power against Russia, China, Iran, and other oil-rich Middle East States. It's also for a proposed oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Indian Ocean and close to Kyrgyzstan where another US base is planned at Bishkek's international airport. In all, 13 new US bases will cross Eurasia, including three in Pakistani cities. Most, perhaps all, are permanent, especially in occupied Iraq and Afghanistan.   America in Terminal Decline?   Like ancient Rome, Ottoman Turkey, Britain, Austria-Hungary, and dozens of other previous empires, America increasingly shows signs of "terminal decline as Bush and Cheney launched their bold military policies to extend its imperial life, or as George HW Bush (called it), the New World Order." Friendly persuasion no longer works. Raw military power is the strategy, "a de facto admission of the failure of the American Century" and a sign of its terminal decline.   At the end of the Cold War, a "leaner and meaner" nuclear force" was deployed with little fanfare, including (post-2004) Conplan 8022 (for contingency plan) putting nuclear bombers on Ready Alert status from global locations - to conduct "Global Strikes" anywhere with devastating force, nuclear or conventional. In addition, NATO "would be subject to US desires and adventures" - a very disquieting situation for potential targets and planet earth if nuclear weapons are used.   The Curious History of "Star Wars"   As mentioned above, Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (dubbed "Star Wars") on March 23, 1983 even though the whole idea is fantasy as independent experts then and now assert. MIT's Theodore Postal for one, a leading authority on ballistic missile defenses. He flatly states:   "the National Missile Defense System has no credible scientific chance of working (and) is a serious abuse of our security system."   Nonetheless, the program was launched, and according to a former economic studies head of the Soviet Union's Institute of World and Economy & International Relations (IMECO), it forced his country to spend so much that it contributed greatly to the Warsaw Pact's collapse and Germany's 1990 reunification.   NASA and Military Secrecy   In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Act created NASA's Space Program in response to the Soviet's successful October 1957 Sputnik 1 launching. The Space Race was on to see which side could trump the other but not without inevitable problems.   A major one happened on January 28, 1986 when the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded in flight killing all on board. Official causes cited faulty O-rings to hide the truth. Contrary to NASA being "devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of mankind," it's really to control space, weaponize it, launch first-strikes against adversaries like Russia, and achieve "full spectrum dominance."   In December 2000, prior to Donald Rumsfeld becoming Defense Secretary, the Pentagon's newly released Strategy Report for Europe and NATO included a Theater Missile Defense section in clear violation of the ABM Treaty. Russia and China expressed "grave concern," and with good reason. They're the main targets and they know it.   "Missile defense" is for offense, but not against "rogue states" or "terrorists." It's for nuclear supremacy ("unilateral assured destruction") and "full spectrum dominance." It's also to intimidate rivals like Russia and China, and potentially unleash a first-strike attack with catastrophic consequences if it happens.   Iran threatens no other nation, and so far as known, its commercial nuclear program complies with NPT unlike notorious nuclear outlaw states - Israel, India and Pakistan. Nonetheless, Tehran may also be targeted for its huge oil and natural gas reserves and to remove Israel's main regional rival. But that's a sideshow. "Full spectrum dominance" depends on eliminating any challenge from Russia mainly, a nuclear superpower, then China, a less formidable nuclear threat but growing economic rival.   Washington's Nuclear Obsession   Russia knows that "missile defense" is for offense and nuclear supremacy to enforce America's will on the world without challenge. After September 11, 2001, the Bush administration renounced its treaty obligations, like ABM, then pursued "explicitly banned weapons....with hardly a peep of protest from Congress" or most other nations.   Studies like the 1995-96 Air Force 2025 elaborately detailed "hundreds of technologically advanced, super-sophisticated space-based weapons systems intended to provide the United States with global combat support capabilities in space (to let America) remain the dominant air and space force in the future...."   One example is a laser cannon to:   "successfully attack ground or airborne targets by melting or cracking cockpit canopies, burning through control cables, exploding fuel tanks, melting or burning sensor assemblies and antenna arrays, exploding or melting munitions pods, destroying ground communications and power grids, and melting or burning a large variety of strategic targets (of every imaginable kind) - all in a fraction of a second."   During the Cold War, Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) restrained both sides. However, with space-based capabilities, America could think the unthinkable - the insane idea that nuclear war harms only the target, not the US or rest of the world. That's "really and truly mad."   Secretly under development since the 1970s, Nuclear Missile Defense (NMD) includes:   -- radar installations to detect enemy missile launches and track them; and   -- ground-based interceptor missiles to destroy them in flight before they reach US air space.   The Bush administration planned interceptor sites in California, Alaska, and Poland. Installing "infrastructure in East Europe was far and away the most reckless enterprise of a cabal that had already demonstrated its bent for dangerous and foolish brinkmanship." With missile "defenses" within minutes of Russian targets, Moscow wouldn't know if they were nuclear armed or not, but the possibility puts the world "on a hair-trigger to possible nuclear war, by design or miscalculation," and thus the greatest ever threat to possible Armageddon if leaders on either side react wrongly.   Yet that's precisely the path still on with Obama pursuing the same recklessness as George Bush and Donald Rumsfeld - "full spectrum dominance, the New World Order, and the elimination of Russia, once and for all, as a potential rival for power." China potentially as well. Installing NMD is one part of the grand scheme. Launching offensive nuclear missiles another, and today the chance it may happen is greater than ever, despite the sheer madness of doing it.   Yet NMD is "coupled with the Top Secret order by the Secretary of Defense....to implement Conplan 8022, 'which provides the President a prompt, global strike capability.' (It means Washington) decided to make nuclear war an 'option' " - an absolutely insane strategy.   Dr. Strangelove Lives!   The 1964 Stanley Kubrick film portrayed a nuclear Doomsday Machine with the subtitle: "How to stop worrying and love the bomb." It ended with "an accidental, inadvertent, pre-emptive US nuclear attack on the Soviet Union," today more possible than ever, something the film only portrayed as black comedy.   Conplan 8022 is offensive and preemptive on "the mere perception of an imminent threat, and carried out by Presidential order," with no Congressional authorization, internal debate, or consultation with allies. Today, the world risks Armageddon based solely on perception, US intentions, and whether the president of the United States pulls the nuclear trigger.   The Permanent War State Lobby   Post-WW II, US dominance "depended on two main pillars:"   -- maintaining the dollar as the world's reserve currency, with oil and other hard commodities dollar denominated; and   -- unchallengeable US military power.   The American Security Council   Founded in 1956, the Washington-based American Security Council (ASC) is "One of the least-known and most influential organizations to formulate policy initiatives for (the) military-industrial complex....(It's) played a prominent role in almost every important foreign policy or national security program since World War II." According to its web site, its "inner circle" included some "of the most influential names in the American establishment of the day."   Figures like Time magazine's founder Henry Luce and his wife Clare Boothe Luce, closely tied to CIA chief Allen Dulles who considered Henry one of his key media assets. Noteworthy others as well - a who's who, including Walt Disney, Averell Harriman, Senator Thomas Dodd (Chris Dodd's father), Senator Henry (Scoop) Jackson, General Douglas MacArthur, House Speaker Sam Rayburn, Nelson Rockefeller, Eugene Rostow, Senator John Tower, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, and "some of the most aggressive military organizations in the United States."   Throughout the Cold War, "the ASC was at the heart of propaganda and lobbying initiatives which supported the military-industrial complex and the establishment of America's permanent Security State and war economy."   After the Soviet Union's dissolution, a New Military-Industrial Complex emerged, according to writers Ian Mount, David Freedman, and Matthew Maier in the March 2003 issue of Business2.0. It embraced "the latest generation of high-tech weaponry (and) the military's new doctrine of faster, lighter, smarter warfare - combat in which cutting-edge technology becomes US troops' deadliest weapon."   The Pentagon calls it a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) or a blueprint for "full spectrum dominance." Its proponents include "some of the most powerful people ever (in) Washington, including Donald Rumsfeld and Dick Cheney," out of office but still influential.   The Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)   Afghanistan and Iraq are examples of "alternative methods to secure the American Century well into the future." So is the notion of first-strike with enough force to prevent any significant retaliation. The Pentagon's notion of "counterforce" means the ability to destroy an adversary's nuclear missiles pre-launch with Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), then "cleaning up" the few still remaining to precude retaliation.   The idea isn't new and first surfaced in the 1970s under Nixon, Kissinger, and other prominent military-industrial complex figures. In a word, it's that "nuclear war is not only 'thinkable,' it was do-able" to secure US Nuclear Primacy.   In January 1974, in the midst of the Watergate crisis, Nixon signed National Security Decision Memorandum 242 (NSDM-242) titled "Policy for Planning for Employment of Nuclear Weapons....for Deterrence." It stated that:   "The United States will rely primarily on US and allied conventional forces to deter conventional aggression by both nuclear and non-nuclear powers. Nevertheless, this does not preclude US use of nuclear weapons in response to conventional aggression." It also said "The fundamental mission of US nuclear forces is to deter nuclear war (and) attacks - conventional and nuclear" and implied that first-strike would be used to do it as part of new nuclear war options. "The USA was going for it all."   Defense Secretary James Schlesinger directed the development of new technologies to achieve it, including:   -- miniaturization of nuclear warheads enough for one missile nose cone to carry up to 17; and   -- atomic physics and computerized navigational device advances to improve accuracy to within 50 feet of a target.   These breakthroughs gave America a first ever strategic edge - the ability to destroy hardened silos, submarines and aircraft. Even so, the "essential element to make the entire program workable and operational remained (elusive): a Ballistic Missile Defense (BDM) system to take out any (surviving) Soviet missiles" that could be launched in retaliation.   So in 1973, RAND think-tank specialist Dr. Andrew W. Marshall became Director of the Office of Net Assessment, US Defense Department, and created what was called the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). He described it as:   "a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations."   Marshall became known as "Yoda," referring to the Star Wars film character Grand Master of the Jedi Order. At age 86, he's still active because of his expertise, skills, and value. His job is "to assess regional and global military balances and to determine long-term trends and threats."   Developing first-strike systems continued after Richard Nixon, including Jimmy Carter's Presidential Directives PD 18 - 59 calling for:   -- developing Anti-Satellite weapons (ASAT) to destroy Soviet early warning systems;   -- Pershing II missiles to decapitate the Soviet leadership; and   -- a Counterforce Nuclear First Strike to destroy almost all Soviet nuclear weapons.   During his tenure, Carter "authorized the greatest commitment to war-fighting of any President in history." Nonetheless, an effective anti-missile defense remains "the missing link to a First Strike capability." The Cold War ended in 1990. America's quest for a First Strike advantage still continues. It's considered the "grand prize for global domination through Nuclear Primacy."   That along with a new way of waging wars: "by spy satellites and long-range missiles, by computer viruses that would disable the enemies' offensive and defensive systems, and by a 'layered' defense system that would make the US impenetrable."   The political climate and neoliberal heyday under Bill Clinton held new military technological advances at bay. That changed under George Bush, even before 9/11, with Andrew Marshall still around and active at an advanced age. His proteges include a rogues gallery of hawks, including Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Dick Cheney who with others comprised the hard core defense and intelligence team, neocons in the Bush administration.   "As a group, Andrew Marshall's proteges formed the most powerful military lobby in the US policy establishment in the first years of the 21st century. They advocated radical force transformation, deployment of anti-missile defense, unilateral pre-emptive aggression, and militarization of space in order to use the US military to achieve for the United States and its closest allies, total domination of the planet (and) outer space. It was perhaps the most dangerous group of ideologues in United States history," and their influence remains.   Marshall advocates weaponizing new technologies and testing them in real conflicts like Iraq and Afghanistan. Obama's security appointments reflect the same ideas and goals so expect continuation of Bush policies ahead. He favored preemptive aggressive wars. So does Obama as evidenced by his stepped up offensive in Afghanistan and Pakistan, permanent occupation of Iraq, challenging Russia with offensive missiles, and encirclement with new military bases.   Challenging the Official 9/11 Scenario   Skeptics abound and with good reason. The idea that 19 Arab terrorists "could commandeer, with only primitive boxcutters, four sophisticated Boeing commercial jets and redirect three of them, successfully, as apparently poorly-trained amateurs in air maneuvers which seasoned pilots claimed were near impossible" seemed utterly preposterous.   Eckehardt Werthebach, former German domestic intelligence service president said:   "the deathly precision and the magnitude of planning behind the attacks would have needed years of planning (and would require the) fixed frame (of a state intelligence organization unavailable to a) loose group" of terrorists. Werthebach's conclusion: the attacks were "state organized actions."   Andreas von Bulow, a former German Parliamentary Commission member in charge of three branches of German secret service, believes the Israeli Mossad and CIA were responsible for the attacks using corrupt "guns for hire" to pull it off. The lack of an open and serious investigation was incomprehensible in their view and proof of an official cover-up. Other experts agree. The 9/11 story is preposterous on its face - concocted to hide the truth.   Just as Franklin Roosevelt used Japan's Pearl Harbor attack (known well in advance to be coming) to launch The American Century, the neocons around George Bush used 9/11 for the Global War on Terror, attacking Afghanistan and Iraq, and waging permanent war on the world ever since with defense appropriations topping a trillion dollars annually in spite of America having no enemies.   In a bid for "full spectrum dominance" to extend many years into the future, "It was to be an increasingly desperate bid to prop up a crumbling empire, that like ancient Rome, the Ottoman Empire, Czarist Russia, the British Empire," and all others in history, "had already rotted far too deeply from within." The price of imperial arrogance yields bitter fruit. America is no exception. It's not a question of if it will fall, just when and with what fallout.   Full Spectrum Dominance or Fully Mad   Under George Bush, "defense" spending "exploded beyond all precedent" and annually way exceeds $1 trillion dollars now with all categories included. The official Pentagon budget alone more than doubled from $333 billion in FY 2001 to $711 billion for FY 2009, and Obama's proposed FY 2010 budget is the highest ever requested. Today, America accounts for around half of all global military spending - at a time it has no enemies but seeks global dominance through wars, intimidation or other means.   Supporting a "Mafia state" in Kosovo is one example. When Kosovars declared their independence in early 2008, Washington extended recognition despite objections from several EU countries and the fact "Kosovo independence and its recognition openly violated UN resolutions for Kosovo, making a farce of the UN, as well as violating international law."   Equally troublesome is Kosovo's prime minister, Hashim Thaci, a known criminal whom Interpol and German BND intelligence connect to organized crime, including drugs trafficking, extortion, and prostitution. No matter, as Washington, NATO, and the EU embrace a man they can control, and for America it secured a strategic foothold in Southeast Europe - "a major step in consolidating NATO's control of Eurasia...." Moscow objected vehemently as it compromises its own security.   Georgia's August 2008 South Ossetia invasion did as well, another provocation very troublesome to the Kremlin, and with good reason. Like most others, it was made-in-the-USA and Moscow knew it, especially after uncovering incriminating evidence besides what was already known about Washington and Israel's involvement.   After Russia easily defeated the Georgian army, its spy satellite spotted a convoy with Georgian special troops en route to Poti, the port city under Russian occupation. It was captured along with its weapons and "a large trove of top-secret NATO documents concerning their hightly secret satellite technology." It was analyzed, used to capture large stocks of US military equipment stored in Georgia, and humiliate Washington and Israel at the same time.   It was also learned that captured Pentagon electronic equipment was manufactured in the Ukraine (a non-NATO state) under US license, yet "NATO-compatible sensitive military equipment" was being made there sub rosa. The discovery for Russia "totally compromised both the American and Israeli intelligence networks set up in Georgia (to spy) on Iran, Russia and Turkey."   Later it was learned that Ukraine president Viktor Yushchenko was involved in illegal Georgian arms sales, fraudulently under-reported their value to his own tax authorities, and engaged in extensive embezzlement exceeding $1 billion for himself and associates.   Yet along with Georgia, Washington supports Ukraine's admission to NATO for greater chokehold control over Russia. Gangster dictatorships in both countries make them all the more attractive to America's strategic aim for global dominance.   AFRICOM, China and Resource Wars   China's rapid growth requires increasing amounts of all types of resources, especially oil, natural gas and all others for its industries plus enough food to feed its huge and growing population. Getting them puts it in competition with America that wants global control of them all.   For its part, geologists believe Africa holds the world's largest mineral riches. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for one, an immense country the size of Western Europe with its Kivu region bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi in the East being one of the most mineral-rich regions in the world, which is why so much conflict vies to control it.   Overall, Congo has over half the world's cobalt, one-third of its diamonds, and three-fourths of its vital columbite-tantalite or "coltan," essential for computer chips, circuit boards, mobile phones, laptops, and other electronic devices. Having the right leadership in the country and its neighbors is thus crucial, and when any outlive their usefulness they're removed, by assassination or other means.   "The common thread linking Kivu with Darfur" and other vital regions of the continent is that America wants control of their resources to be able to deny them to China and other non-strategic partners. For its part, Beijing needs a reliable present and future supply and has taken effective non-military means to secure them.   The toll on Congolese has been horrific, the result of Washington-engineered conflict to split the country and control its eastern riches. According to the International Rescue Committee, over 5.4 million civilians have been killed in ongoing fighting since 1996, without a word of outcry from the Western media compared to fraudulent genocide claims in Darfur.   Also unreported was that Congo's president, Joseph Kabila, was negotiating a $9 billion trade agreement with China - his "irreversible choice" as preferred trading partner to the displeasure of Washington. Shortly afterwards, eastern fighting broke out with regional US stooges attacking the DRC - Rwanda's president Paul Kagame (trained at Fort Leavenworth, KS) and Laurent Nkunda (another Fort Leavenworth product), his ally and henchman with all signs pointing to a US role sure to intensify with the establishment of AFRICOM.   America's two key Eastern Africa military partners, Rwanda and Uganda, are used freely against Eastern Congo to counter China's influence in the region. "The balkanization of Congo appeared to be a major objective behind the organized chaos (and mass slaughter) in the Great Lakes region."   Throughout the continent, the Pentagon under George Bush signed base agreements with numerous countries, including Botswana, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, Namibia, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zambia - besides many others in Iraq and other Middle Eastern oil-rich states.   China is the target - seen as a threat to Washington's control of the continent's riches. Its rapid industrialization requires growing amounts of "every mineral commodity imaginable...." AFRICOM was established to secure them for America and deny them to Beijing by blocking its economic presence in the region.   Obama supports it, and it's why he retained Robert Gates as Defense Secretary. He's said publicly that he backs offensive missiles in Poland and connected radar in the Czech Republic - both targeting Russia, not Iran, the official claim. In addition, Marine General James Jones, a former NATO commander, was appointed National Security Advisor and played a central role in establishing AFRICOM. After retiring, he served on the boards of Boeing and Chevron Oil and is closely connected to the military-industrial-oil complex as well as neocons in the Bush administration. Obama also appointed Admiral Dennis Blair, a former Pacific Fleet commander and China specialist, as Director of National Intelligence - the top intelligence job.   Afghanistan as "The Main Geopolitical Prize"   Straightaway in his new administration, Obama ordered an additional 17,500 more troops to the country, potentially more to follow, and just recently appointed a new commander, General Stanley McChrystal, described earlier as a hired gun with a reputation for brutishness and indifference to slaughtering civilians.   America's interest in Afghanistan has nothing to do with bin Laden (likely dead since December 2001), Al Qaeda, or the Taliban. It's all about "geopolitics and the geopolitical encirclement of both China and Russia" with Eurasia the grandest of grand prizes. To do it after the 2001 invasion, America built at least 19 military bases in Central East Asia and Middle Asia, including 14 in Afghanistan - for regional control and "air and space surveillance systems to monitor air traffic throughout all of Eurasia, from China to Russia."   America's obsession with militarism includes the homeland with an array of post-9/11 police state laws destroying constitutional checks and balances and Bill of Rights protections. Illegal spying on Americans is now widespread and commonplace, and the Pentagon, for starters, ordered 20,000 combat troops deployed inside the country by 2011. In addition, the Bush administration funded FEMA with hundreds of millions of dollars to retrofit former military bases and construct other facilities as detention camps.   Currently, over 800 are in every state, ready if ordered, with enough capacity for many tens of thousands of internees. They're not ordinary in any sense. They're concentration camps for dissidents or others targeted by order of the president or others he directs. In addition, National Guard forces will be employed, and local police have been militarized to work cooperatively with the Pentagon to achieve police state enforcement on the pretext of "respond(ing) to a nuclear terrorist attack or other domestic catastrophe."   It's why this writer calls the country Police State America, and unless addressed will get more hardline until fast disappearing civil liberties no longer exist and the nation is isn't safe or fit to live in. That's where we're heading without a hint from Big Media.   Equally alarming is an Obama administration proposal calling for a National Civilian Security Force that will be "at least as powerful and well-funded as the US military." Early in the new administration, it's clear that continuity, not change, is planned with "full spectrum dominance" the goal, globally, including hardline in America. What's unclear is "the extent to which the most devastating economic crisis since the Great Depression would affect the ability of Washington policymakers to project that power."   Going forward, today's choices "could spell the end of the American Century from the rot of its own internal policy since the Vietnam War." The nation's militarism threatens its own survival "as a functioning democracy" and the planet.   In his writings, Chalmers Johnson explains that America is plagued by the same dynamic that doomed past empires unwilling to change - "isolation, overstretch, the uniting of local and global forces opposed to imperialism, and in the end bankruptcy" along with authoritarian rule and loss of personal freedom. Nixon's chief economic advisor, Herb Stein, explained it saying: "Things that can't go on forever, won't."

Até os americanos são contra ! O Projeto de Dominação Total ! O Fim das liberdades e do Estado de Direito !

The objectives of the United States government as outlined in a document called the Joint Vision for 2020 are to achieve this thing they call "full spectrum dominance". The goal is to not allow any other nation or group of people on the planet to achieve a competitive level of development that can challenge the dominance of the United States in any sphere of influence, meaning militarly, economically and meaning in some ways socially. So if they mean to develop strategies that can achieve those aims, then yet we have to consider what kind of pressure that puts on us who claim to be creative people to develop our alternative strategies that are equally as powerful as those and in how to deploy those strategies so that they can become as effective and undermining the attempts of the other side.

Full Spectrum Dominance: 8 Examples Of How The Government Is Attempting To Take Total Control Of Our Food, Our Health, Our Money And Even Our Dignity

 By Michael Snyder, on November 22nd, 2010

Over the past several decades, no matter which political party has been in power the government has continued to become a larger part of our lives. These days many people are speaking of the "nanny state" that we have created, but the reality is far worse than that. The truth is that the government has become a gluttonous, out of control behemoth that is gobbling up everything in sight and that is attempting to exert full spectrum dominance over our lives.  Today, the government seems to have an insatiable hunger to watch us, track us and control us.  Now they even want to feel our private parts before we get on an airplane.  No matter what politicians we send to Washington D.C., it just seems to get worse and worse.  Anyone who still believes that we live in "the land of the free" is completely and totally delusional.

It isn't just in one particular area that all of this government intrusion into our lives is so offensive.  What we are witnessing is the government slowly digging its fingers even deeper into our lives in a thousand different ways.  Sadly, most Americans see the government as the one who is supposed to take care of them from the cradle to the grave, as the one who is supposed to fix all of the problems in society and as the one who is their ultimate authority.

This is in direct contradiction to the concept of a "limited government" that our Founding Fathers tried so desperately to enshrine in our founding documents.  The American people need a big-time wake up call.  The following are 8 examples of how the U.S. government is attempting to take even more control over our lives....

#1 Taking Total Control Of Our Food - S. 510 "The Food Safety Modernization Act"

S. 510, "The Food Safety Modernization Act", is another huge power grab by the FDA and the federal government over our food supply.  The bill is written so broadly and so vaguely that nobody really knows what it means.  The potential for abuse of these vague new powers would be staggering.  So will the government abuse these powers?  Those who are in favor of the bill say that of course the government will be reasonable, but those who are opposed to the bill point to all of the other abuses that are currently taking place as evidence that we simply cannot trust the feds with vague, undefined powers.

Fortunately, the Tester Amendment has been attached to S. 510 at least for now, but big agriculture is not happy about this, and they will be doing everything they can to get it kicked out of the final version of the law.  In any event, if this food safety law does get passed, tens of millions of Americans will be left wondering what they are allowed to grow in their back yards, what seeds they are allowed to save and what can and cannot be sold at farmer's markets.

In case you think this is paranoid, just consider what is already happening.  It has been documented that the feds recently raided an Amish farmer at 5 AM in the morning because they claimed that he was was engaged in the interstate sale of raw milk in violation of federal law.  If the feds are willing to stoop so low as to raid Amish farmers, do you think they will have any hesitation when the time comes to raid your home?

#2 Taking Total Control Of Air Travel - The Dehumanizing Full Body Scanners And "Enhanced Pat-Downs"

Totalitarian governments throughout history have always sought to dehumanize their subjects.  Sadly, that is exactly what is happening in America today.  If you want to get on an airplane in the United States, you will now be forced to either let TSA agents gawk at your naked body or let TSA agents grope your entire body including your genitals.

What these TSA agents are being instructed to do to ordinary Americans is so bizarre that it is hard to believe.  It is being reported that in many instances TSA agents are actually reaching down the pants of male travelers and up the skirts of female travelers.  One retired special education teacher was left humiliated, crying and covered with his own urine after an "enhanced pat-down" by TSA agents.  Quite a number of women that have been through these "enhanced pat-downs" have used the phrase "sexual assault" to describe the experience.

So is this what America has become?  A place that is so "dangerous" that we all must be treated like prison inmates?  Large numbers of Americans are swearing that they will simply not fly anymore, but what happens when these "enhanced pat-downs" start showing up at our schools, our shopping centers and our sporting events someday?

#3 Taking Total Control Of Our Health Care - The Loss Of Our Health Freedom

Once upon a time, Americans had control over their own health care decisions.  That is no longer true today.  Thanks to major changes in our health care laws, the health care landscape in America has been dramatically changed.  Americans are now forced to participate in the officially-sanctioned health care system by purchasing health insurance.  But Americans cannot just get any kind of health insurance policy that they want.  Our health insurance choices are now tightly constrained by thousands of regulations.

Not only that, but doctors in America no longer have the freedom to treat patients however they see fit.  Only "approved" treatments are permissible, and now the federal government is going to be telling doctors which of those "approved" treatments are "cost-effective" enough.  As the new health care laws are fully implemented over the next decade, the American people are going to become truly horrified not only about how much their health insurance premiums are going up, but also about how much health freedom they have actually lost.

#4 Taking Control Of Our Money - Multiplying Taxes

Whenever one tax goes down, it seems like several other taxes either go up or get invented.  The truth is that Americans are being drained by the federal government, state governments and local governments in dozens upon dozens of different ways.  To our various levels of government, our primary function is to serve as a revenue source.  Each year it seems like they find more ways to stick it to us.  In fact, it looks like 2011 is going to be a banner year for tax increases.  If you doubt this, just see my previous article entitled "2011: The Year Of The Tax Increase".

#5 Taking Control Of Our Businesses - Thousands Of Ridiculous Regulations

Why would anyone in America even attempt to be an entrepreneur today?  Most small businesses are literally being strangled by hordes of red tape.

Just consider how things have changed in America.  The Federal Register is the main source of regulations for U.S. government agencies.  In 1936, the number of pages in the Federal Register was about 2,600.  Today, the Federal Register is over 80,000 pages long.

The following is just one example of how bizarre things have gotten in this country.  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is projecting that the food service industry will have to spend an additional 14 million hours every single year just to comply with new federal regulations that mandate that all vending machine operators and chain restaurants must label all products that they sell with a calorie count in a location visible to the consumer.

Do we really need to spend 14 million more hours telling Americans that if they keep eating hamburgers and fries that they are likely to get fat?

But it is not just the federal government that is the problem.  One reader recently described how difficult  it was to try to run a business in the state of California....

Had 10 employees, but one almost exclusively to deal with government regs, taxes, reporting etc, Received a $144 penalty for a .33 (yes, cents)error on my quarterly payroll taxes from Cal Franchise Tax Board. I called to ask if that was not a bit repressive, why level penalize someone for what was obvisouly a didminimus error? I was told “we would have penalized you if it was .03!” I said, I did not volunteer to be the income tax collector for the State and Fed government, you should be paying me to do all this work and insane paper pushing. Reply: “That is part of the PRIVILIGE of being a business owner!!!”

#6 Taking Control Of Our Environment - The Green Police

The government is using the "green movement" as an excuse to take an unprecedented amount of control over our lives.  From coast to coast, communities have been given government grants to track our trash with RFID microchips. The following are just some of the communities that will now be using microchips to track what we throw away....

*Cleveland, Ohio

*Charlotte, North Carolina

*Alexandria, Virginia

*Boise, Idaho

*Dayton, Ohio

*Flint, Michigan

Not only that, but some cities are now starting to fine citizens for not recycling properly.

In Cleveland, Ohio if an RFID tracking chip signals that a recycle bin has not been brought out to the curb within a certain period of time, a "trash supervisor" will actually sort through the trash produced by that home for recyclables.

According to Cleveland Waste Collection Commissioner Ronnie Owens, trash bins that contain over 10 percent recyclable material will be subject to a $100 fine.

Does that sound like America to you?

Now we don't even have the freedom to throw out trash the way we want to.

#7 Taking Away Our Independence - The Exploding Welfare State

You don't have much freedom if you can't take care of yourself.  But in America today, tens of millions of Americans have literally become completely dependent on the government for survival.  Over 42 million Americans are now on food stamps.  Approximately one out of every six Americans is enrolled in a federal anti-poverty program.

The number of Americans living in poverty has increased for three consecutive years, and the 43.6 million poor Americans in 2009 was the highest number that the U.S. Census Bureau has ever recorded in 51 years of record-keeping.

The more Americans that are destitute and totally dependent on the government the easier it will be for the government to control them.  Today a rapidly growing percentage of Americans fully expect the government to take care of them.  But this is not what our founders intended.

#8 Taking Away Our Patriotism - We Are Even Losing The Freedom To Be Proud Of America

Do you ever think things will get so repressive in America that a group of high school students will be forbidden from singing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial?  Well, that has already happened.  Do you think that areas of our nation will ever become so anti-American that they will forbid students from riding to school with an American flag on their bikes?  Well, that has already happened.

Fortunately, there was such an uproar over what happened to 13-year-old Cody Alicea that it made national headlines and he ended up being escorted to school by hundreds of other motorcycles and bicycles - most of them displaying American flags as well.  The school reversed its policy and now Cody can ride his bike to school every day proudly displaying the American flag.

But what if nobody had decided to stand up?

That school would have gotten away with banning the flag if the American people had allowed them to.

Our liberties and our freedoms are under attack from a thousand different directions and they are being stripped away from us at a blinding pace.

It has gotten to the point where most of us just sit in our homes and enjoy the "freedom" of digesting the "programming" that is constantly being hurled at us through our televisions.  Of course the vast majority of that programming is produced by just 6 monolithic corporationsthat control almost everything that we watch, hear and read.

Power and money have become more highly concentrated in America today than ever before, and yet most Americans don't even realize it.

Most Americans are so busy just trying to survive from month to month that they don't even have time to think about the deeper issues.  At the end of the night most of them are so exhausted from serving the system that all they can do is collapse on the sofa and turn on some programming.

But the American people desperately need to wake up.  Without liberty and freedom our country cannot work.  But our freedoms and liberties are being stripped away a little bit more each and every day.

The America that so many of us grew up adoring is dying right in front of our eyes.  If you plan on saying something about it, you better do so before it is too late.

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Full Spectrum Dominance. Traduza e entenda. A quem isto interessa ?

Full-spectrum dominance is a military concept whereby a joint military structure achieves control over all elements of the battlespace using land, air, maritime andspace based assets.

Full spectrum dominance includes the physical battlespace; air, surface and sub-surface as well as the electromagnetic spectrum and information space. Control implies that freedom of opposition force assets to exploit the battlespace is wholly constrained.

US military doctrine

The United States military's doctrine has espoused a strategic intent to be capable of achieving this state in a conflict, either alone or with allies^[1] by defeating any adversary and controlling any situation across the range of military operations.

The stated intent implies significant investment in a range of capabilities; dominant maneuver, precision engagement, focused logistics, and full-dimensional protection.

Criticism

As early as 2005, the credibility of full-spectrum dominance as a practical strategic doctrine was dismissed by Professor Philip Taylor of the University of Leeds^[2] an expert consultant to the US and UK governments on psychological operations,propaganda and diplomacy.

"It's true, though rarely recognized in the control-freakery world of the military, that full spectrum dominance is impossible in the global information environment."

Harold Pinter referred to the term in his 2005 Nobel Prize acceptance speech:

"I have said earlier that the United States is now totally frank about putting its cards on the table. That is the case. Its official declared policy is now defined as 'full spectrum dominance'. That is not my term, it is theirs. 'Full spectrum dominance' means control of land, sea, air and space and all attendant resources."

Geostrategy, a subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning. As with all strategies, geostrategy is concerned with matching means to ends — in this case, a country's resources (whether they are limited or extensive) with its geopolitical objectives (which can be local, regional, or global). Strategy is as intertwined with geography as geography is with nationhood, or as Gray and Sloan state it, "[geography is] the mother of strategy."

Geostrategists, as distinct from geopoliticians, advocate aggressive strategies, and approach geopolitics from a nationalist point-of-view. As with allpolitical theories, geostrategies are relevant principally to the context in which they were devised: the nationality of the strategist, the strength of his or her country's resources, the scope of his or her country's goals, the political geography of the time period, and the technological factors that affect military, political, economic, and cultural engagement. Geostrategy can function normatively, advocating foreign policy based on geographic factors, analytically, describing how foreign policy is shaped by geography, or predictively, predicting a country's future foreign policy decisions on the basis of geographic factors.

Many geostrategists are also geographers, specializing in subfields of geography, such as human geography, political geography, economic geography,cultural geography, military geography, and strategic geography. Geostrategy is most closely related to strategic geography.

Especially following World War II, some scholars divide geostrategy into two schools: the uniquely German organic state theory; and, the broader Anglo-American geostrategies.

Critics of geostrategy have asserted that it is a pseudoscientific gloss used by dominant nations to justify imperialist or hegemonic aspirations, or that it has been rendered irrelevant because of technological advances, or that its essentialist focus on geography leads geostrategists to incorrect conclusions about the conduct of foreign policy.

FALÊNCIA ANUNCIADA DA PETROBRAS ! HA ! HA ! HA !

RESERVAS DE PETRÓLEO E PERSPECTIVAS DA PETROBRAS E DO BRASIL NO SETOR ENERGÉTICO

RANKING do petróleo

COMENTÁRIO DO PROFESSOR OCTAVIO GOUVEIA:

   A história da PETROBRAS é escrita pelos brasileiros que acreditam na força do seu trabalho e do seu estudo. Dos brasileiros que gostam de desafios e os encaram de frente, na certeza de que a vitória é uma questão de esforço, de fé e de tempo ! Sempre existiram e sempre existirão as vozes que falam mal da PETROBRAS e dizem que ela não terá futuro !  Ela já nasceu assim !
Desacreditada e dimunuída pelos traídores da Pátria Brasileira e por aqueles que não acreditavam na capacidade de realização dos trabalhadores e estudantes brasileiros. Ela nasceu pobre, pequena, sem petróleo, sem dinheiro, sem técnicos, sem engenheiros, sem perpectivas ! Hoje é a sétima maior empresa de energia do mundo ! 
   Gigantes como a EXXON-MOBIL, CHEVRON-TEXACO, SHELL e TOTAL, todas juntas tem reservas de Petróleo menores do que a PETROBRAS !
  Quem será que esta com o futuro comprometido ? Não se deixe enganar !
  São grandiosos os destinos da PETROBRAS e do Brasil !  Quem viver verá !

PREPARATÓRIO PARA PETROBRAS 2014 (CURSO CPOG)
   

    As reservas globais de petróleo provadas atingiram 1.668,9 bilhões de barris no final de 2012, quantidade suficiente para garantir exatos 52 anos e 9 meses de produção mundial de energia. Os dados são da edição 2013 do relatório estatístico anual da BP, documento de referência para o setor. Segundo o estudo, ao longo da última década, as reservas globais de petróleo cresceram 26%. Os países da Opep continuam a dominar o ranking, controlando 72,6% das reservas mundiais.

    Atualmente, o Brasil ocupa a 15ª colocação do ranking. Levando em conta as estimativas conservadoras, que apontam que o pré-sal possui reservas da ordem de pelo menos 60 bilhões de barris de petróleo, o país tem chances de entrar para a lista das 10 maiores potências petrólíferas até 2030, ultrapassando Estados Unidos e Líbia.

   EUA, Canadá, Brasil, e Venezuela, segundo especialistas e organizações internacionais

do setor energético e especificamente do setor de petróleo e gás, estão prestes a revolucionar o atual cenário da indústria petrolífera mundial (MAUGERI, 2012; OPEC, 2012; IEA, 2012)

   Impulsionados por avanços técnicos que vem possibilitando, não somente a descoberta de grandes reservas, mas, sobretudo, a exploração e produção de petróleo e gás de fontes não convencionais, esses países podem levar o continente americano a uma posição de menor ou nenhuma dependência energética (principalmente no caso norte americano) em relação às regiões tradicionais como o Oriente Médio e Norte da África, desenhando uma nova geografia e geopolítica do petróleo no mundo.

A geopolítica do petróleo sempre esteve tradicionalmente ligada ao Oriente Médio e a

OPEP, e o mundo do petróleo dividido entre países consumidores e países produtores, numa relação que pode ser aproximada às relações, centro-periferia, desenvolvidos-subdesenvolvidos, industrializados-pouco industrializados. A potencial mudança deste quadro, está apoiada em 4 (quatro) elementos chaves, que são os motores das projeções promissoras para Américas nosentido do surgimento de uma nova configuração energética mundial: as areias betuminosas do Canadá, o óleo e o gás de xisto norte-americano, o pré-sal brasileiro, e o óleo extra pesado da Venezuela.

COMENTÁRIO DO PROFESSOR OCTAVIO GOUVEIA: 

VANTAGENS COMPETITIVAS DO BRASIL FRENTE a EUA / CANADÁ / VENEZUELA

   Desataca-se neste cenário promissor para as Américas um fator AMBIENTAL fundamental. As AREIAS BETUMINOSAS do Canadá, bem como o ÓLEO e Gás de XISTO dos EUA possuem um processo extrativo, que deixa uma enorme quantidade de RESÍDUOS de grande dificuldade de tratamento e portanto, grande AGRESSIVIDADE AMBIENTAL. Neste sentido são processos de extração de hidrocarbonetos que visando diminuir o malefício ao meio-ambiente, exigirão tratamentos químicos e físicos elevadores dos custos de obtenção e produção de hidrocarbonetos. Em resumo, para tornarem-se ambientalmente aceitáveis e menos danosos serão muito caros. Grande desvantagem ambiental com baixa produtividade de hidrocarbonetos e elevadíssimos custos. Ruim e caro !

  Ao contrário situam-se os casos da América do Sul (Venezuela e Brasil). Aqui temos PETRÓLEO, leia-se " HIDROCARBONETOS IN NATURA " , prontos para produzirem todos os derivados petroquímicos com tecnologia que o Brasil e a Venezuela já dominam há décadas. Também dominam estas tecnologias as empresas MAJORS  ( EXXON-MOBIL, CHEVRON-TEXACO, SHELL e TOTAL ). São ditas MAJORS pelo simples fatos de deterem 75% do refino e da produção mundial de petróleo e derivados. No entanto só possuem 5% do petróleo mundial ! Em termos populares: estão secas !  São como uma máquina de lavar sem água, um carrão sem combustível, uma linda lâmpada sem eletricidade, uma estrela sem luz ! Na linguagem técnica:

ESTÃO SEM MATÉRIA-PRIMA ! Em outras palavras: 
falidas a longo prazo !

   O Brasil tem sobre a Venezuela a vantagem de possuir um petróleo leve (semelhante ao àrabe) de enorme valor comercial no mercado petroquímico mundial. Isto nos coloca em posição altamente favorável nas Américas frente ao Canadá / EUA / Venezuela.

Isto é tudo o que as empresas MAJORS desejam ! Petróleo leve !

O sonho das empresa MAJORS:

   Petróleo com a mesma qualidade do óleo árabe !

   Distante dos países árabes (do golfo pérsico) !

   Numa região militarmente fácil de ser " PROTEGIDA " , leia-se o ATLÂNTICO SUL, região completamente dominada militarmente pela Marinha dos EUA desde o final da 2. Guerra.

   Inacessível aos oponentes atuais a soberania Americana. Os chineses !

   Perfeito !    

   Só há um único defeito !    Ainda !

   

   Toda esta Riquesa esta  " ainda "  nas mãos da PETROBRAS ! e da nossa Brava, porém militarmente impotente Marinha Brasileira (com uma esquadra naval que é o resto do que sobrou da frota inglesa na 2. Guerra).

   É por esta razão que querem decretar a falência da PETROBRAS ! 

   

    Nossa maior empresa é um ENTRAVE, um EMPECILHO, NAS PRETENSÕES de GRANDEZA, DOMINAÇÃO e ONIPOTÊNCIA das referidas empresas MAJORS. Multinacionais de petróleo que não se contentam com a idéia de que um povo e uma gente que na visão deles só entende de samba e de futebol, descobriu por competência e tecnologia própria, um novo GOLFO PÉRSICO, EM PLENO ATLÂNTICO-SUL.

  FUTEBOL e SAMBA SIM !

  PETRÓLEO e DESENVOLVIMENTO SOCIAL e ECONÔMICO TAMBÉM !

   XÔ AVES DE RAPINA !

   O PRÉ-SAL É NOSSO !

 O GIGANTE ACORDOU

   

O pré-sal é ao mesmo tempo um conjunto monumental de jazidas, a maior

descoberta de reservas no mundo, e além disso um gigantesco símbolo de

futuro. Uma perspectiva clara de um excelente futuro para nós. (ZERO HORA,

2009)

Ainda em 2009, Dilma Rousseff, já então pré-candidata à presidência, reafirmou a

importância do pré-sal, e do fortalecimento da Petrobras como instrumento geopolítico:

Queremos ampliar o papel econômico e geopolítico do Brasil no cenário

internacional... Vamos ter uma política de conteúdo nacional que vai depender

da nossa capacidade de internalizar e transformar essa demanda em

empregos brasileiros e tecnologia nacional. (JORNA DO BRASIL, 2009)

A Petrobrás, que historicamente já traz o nacionalismo como marca registrada (FURTADO

& FREITAS, 2004 MARTINS, 2008; NETO, 2012), passou, principalmente após as descobertas

do pré-sal, a ser a empresa estratégica para o governo brasileiro, tanto para suas pretensões

internacionais de integração regional.

			Petrobras Petrobras – Fatos e Dados Sobre Sete plataformas da Petrobras iniciam operação em 2013 11 de abril de 2013 / 18:05 Informes Enviar por e-mail  Enviar por e-mail Imprimir A+ A- O compromisso com as metas de produção estabelecidas no Plano de Negócios e Gestão 2013-2017 e o alcance da marca de 300 mil barris por dia de produção no pré-sal foram alguns dos destaques das apresentações realizadas pela presidente da Petrobras, Maria das Graças Silva Foster, e pelos diretores Almir Barbassa (Financeiro e de Relações com Investidores), José Formigli (Exploração e Produção), José Carlos Cosenza (Abastecimento) e José Alcides Santoro (Gás e Energia) nas sedes das federações das indústrias dos estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul (Firjan, Fiesp e Fiergs), esta semana. Na Fiergs, nesta quinta-feira (11) pela manhã, o diretor de Tecnologia, Engenharia e Materiais da Petrobras, José Antonio de Figueiredo, também participou da apresentação. “Esse ano, e nunca tivemos essa marca antes, nada menos do que sete unidades estacionárias de produção entram em operação. Duas já chegaram e a terceira, que é a Cidade de Paraty, saiu nesse fim de semana do estaleiro em direção à locação. O primeiro óleo dessa unidade, que será instalada no campo de Lula Nordeste (pré-sal da Bacia de Santos), será no dia 28 de maio”, revelou a presidente Graça Foster. O diretor de Exploração e Produção da Companhia, José Formigli, destacou ainda que, considerando o período de 2013 a 2017, 25 dessas unidades entrarão em produção, e 38 novas unidades vão passar a produzir petróleo e gás no período 2013-2020. “Pouquíssimas empresas no mundo têm essa demanda de unidades novas. E isso é porque elas não têm o portfólio que temos”, comparou Formigli, destacando o índice de sucesso exploratório de 82% no pré-sal (a média mundial é de aproximadamente 30%). A produção de 2,5 milhões de barris de petróleo por dia (bpd) em 2016, 2,75 milhões em 2017 e 4,2 milhões em 2020 foi reforçada pela presidente e pela diretoria. Já a produção em barris de óleo equivalente (petróleo e gás) será ainda maior e atingirá 3 milhões em 2016, 3,4 milhões em 2017 e 5,2 milhões em 2020. O pré-sal terá parcela crescente nesse aumento de produção. A marca de 1 milhão de bpd operada pela Petrobras no pré-sal será superada em 2017 e atingirá 2,1 milhões de bpd em 2020. “No ano passado, o pré-sal respondia por 7% da produção. Em 2017, chegará a 42%”, comparou Fomigli. Produção acelerada no pré-sal “A produção do pré-sal é absoluta realidade”, enfatizou a presidente Graça Foster, destacando que a marca de 300 mil barris por dia na região foi atingida apenas sete anos após a primeira descoberta. “Deixamos de dizer que apenas a descoberta do pré-sal é uma realidade. A produção é uma realidade”, insistiu. E lembrou a presidente da Petrobras: “Na porção norte-americana do Golfo do México, foram necessários 17 anos para se atingir uma produção significativa, enquanto na nossa Bacia de Campos, levamos 11 anos. Tivemos desafios tecnológicos relevantes no pré-sal. E superamos. Houve redução do tempo de perfuração de poços de 134 dias para 70 em 2012″, disse. Essa redução no tempo de perfuração gera grande economia de recursos. O diretor Formigli ressaltou que os investimentos na construção de poços (exploratórios e de desenvolvimento da produção) somam US$ 75 bilhões no PNG 2013-2017. Isso representa 32% dos investimentos do Plano e 51% dos investimentos em Exploração&Produção no Brasil. Em função dessa relevância, foi criado o PRC-Poço, Programa de Redução de Custos de Poços. “As plataformas são a parte mais visível, mas os poços, que ficam abaixo delas, são o que custa mais caro”, explicou. Redução nas importações de combustíveis Na área de Abastecimento, a entrada em operação das primeiras etapas da Refinaria do Nordeste, em Pernambuco, em 2014, e do Comperj, no Rio de Janeiro, em 2015, foram destacados pelo diretor José Carlos Cosenza. Ele ressaltou ainda o recorde de carga processada atingido pelas refinarias da Petrobras. “Semana passada atingimos 2,149 milhões de barris por dia de carga processada. Isso permitiu redução de importação de derivados de 10 mil a 15 mil barris por dia na comparação entre o primeiro trimestre de 2013 e o primeiro trimestre de 2012″, comemorou o diretor. Cosenza destacou ainda a importância da entrada em operação das novas refinarias planejadas. A demanda brasileira por derivados deve crescer 4,2% ao ano entre 2012 e 2020. Sem as refinarias Premium I, Premium II e o segundo trem do Comperj, o Brasil importaria 29% da demanda de derivados. A estimativa é de déficit de 972 mil barris por dia. Com as novas refinarias, esse déficit seria suprido. Na área de Gás e Energia, pontuou o diretor José Alcides Santoro, os principais projetos em implantação para o período 2013-2017 são a Unidade de Fertilizantes Nitrogenados III (UFN III), em Três Lagoas (MS), a Unidade de Processamento de Gás Natural (UPGN) de Cabiúnas (Rio de Janeiro), a Usina Termelétrica (UTE) Baixada Fluminense (Rio de Janeiro) e o terminal de regaseificação de GNL (gás natural liquefeito) da Bahia. Por fim, o diretor Financeiro e de Relações com Investidores, Almir Barbassa, enumerou as premissas da sua área, entre elas manter a classificação de grau de investimento da Companhia e não emitir novas ações. “Os desinvestimentos de Us$ 9,9 bilhões vão contribuir para a financiabilidade do Plano”, disse o diretor, ressaltando que a receita gerada pela Companhia no período (US$ 165 bilhões) será responsável pela maior parte do financiamento do PNG. - See more at: http://fatosedados.blogspetrobras.com.br/2013/04/11/sete-plataformas-da-petrobras-iniciam-operacao-em-2013/#sthash.wMduZJXs.dpuf

NÃO HÁ DESENVOLVIMENTO SEM PROFESSORES BEM REMUNERADOS !

O pré-sal e a educação que queremos para o Brasil

Flávio Antônio Sandi  / Jornal do Brasil

 

Segunda-feira, 16 de Dezembro de 2013  

    A notícia da destinação dos royalties da exploração do pré-sal prioritariamente para a educação foi recebida com entusiasmo pela sociedade  brasileira, que há décadas convive com uma cultura de desvalorização da educação. O valor estimado até 2022 com as receitas do pré-sal chega a R$ 279 bilhões. O primeiro passo, que foi a aprovação da lei, foi dado, mas agora a sociedade se depara com uma discussão fundamental: onde deve ser investido esse dinheiro? Na formação de professores, na infraestrutura das escolas, em tecnologia voltada para a educação?
Sabemos que não cuidamos como deveríamos de nossas crianças em idade escolar. Isso está no nosso DNA e vem desde a nossa origem. Ao longo das décadas, criamos uma cultura de desvalorização da educação, que resultou no cenário a que estamos assistindo. Hoje, temos um “apagão nas licenciaturas”, com baixíssima procura por cursos como matemática, física e química. 
Por mais que tenhamos conseguido a universalização do ingresso dos alunos na escola, no ensino médio, por exemplo, temos uma evasão altíssima. As avaliações demonstram que negligenciamos a alfabetização da língua materna e a matemática nas séries iniciais. Ao longo do tempo, estas deficiências acabam se constituindo em obstáculos para futuras aprendizagens, ou seja, colocamos os alunos para dentro das escolas, mas não garantimos aprendizagens. Estes são alguns detalhes desse complexo fenômeno que envolve a educação e que estão diretamente relacionados com o projeto de um país que construímos ao longo dos anos. 
Com os recursos do pré-sal, temos mais uma vez a possibilidade de reescrevermos a nossa história como nação, mais rica de possibilidades e respeitosa com as nossas crianças e jovens. Uma história que não nos tire o futuro antes de começar. Contudo, é importante ficarmos atentos, pois estudos feitos em vários países mostram que o aumento de investimento (gasto) por aluno e a melhoria da qualidade educacional nem sempre se estabelecem. 
Diante desse cenário, é natural que nos perguntemos por onde começar. Mesmo com essa complexidade, é possível encontrarmos uma unanimidade: valorização e formação do professor. 
Ninguém duvida da importância de uma boa infraestrutura, pois essa possibilita condições para um bom trabalho pedagógico. Também entendemos que um currículo que traga os conhecimentos mínimos de referência e o modo como ensinamos são igualmente importantes. E o que dizer das novas tecnologias, sobretudo os dispositivos móveis, que favorecem uma mediação centrada no estudante, desenvolvendo uma autonomia de pensamento? Entretanto, só conseguiremos fazer uso adequado de tudo isso se tivermos bons professores. 

COMENTÁRIO DO PROFESSOR OCTAVIO GOUVEIA:

PARABÉNS PELO BRILHANTISMO DESTA REPORTAGEM E PRINCIPALMENTE DESTA ÚLTIMA FRASE !